Normal-Appearing White Matter Permeability Distinguishes Poor Cognitive Performance in Processing Speed and Working Memory

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Barnett MH,
   2. Sutton I

   . The pathology of multiple sclerosis: a paradigm shift. Curr Opin Neurol 2006;19:242–47

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   1. Chiaravalloti ND,
   2. DeLuca J

   . Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:1139–51

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Filippi M,
   2. Rocca MA,
   3. Benedict RH,
   4. et al

   . The contribution of MRI in assessing cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2010;75:2121–28

   CrossRef
4. 4.↵
   1. Compston A,
   2. Coles A

   . Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008;372:1502–17

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   1. Soon D,
   2. Tozer DJ,
   3. Altmann DR,
   4. et al

   . Quantification of subtle blood-brain barrier disruption in non-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis: a study of disease and lesion subtypes. Mult Scler 2007;13:884–94

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   1. Kutzelnigg A,
   2. Lucchinetti CF,
   3. Stadelmann C,
   4. et al

   . Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2005;128(Part 11):2705–12

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   1. Sperling RA,
   2. Guttmann CR,
   3. Hohol MJ,
   4. et al

   . Regional magnetic resonance imaging lesion burden and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Arch Neurol 2001;58:115–21

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   1. van Buchem MA,
   2. Grossman RI,
   3. Armstrong C,
   4. et al

   . Correlation of volumetric magnetization transfer imaging with clinical data in MS. Neurology 1998;50:1609–17

   CrossRef
9. 9.↵
   1. Benedict RH,
   2. Bruce J,
   3. Dwyer MG,
   4. et al

   . Diffusion-weighted imaging predicts cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007;13:722–30

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Mainero C,
    2. Caramia F,
    3. Pozzilli C,
    4. et al

    . fMRI evidence of brain reorganization during attention and memory tasks in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2004;21:858–67

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    1. Penny S,
    2. Khaleeli Z,
    3. Cipolotti L,
    4. et al

    . Early imaging predicts later cognitive impairment in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2010;74:545–52

    CrossRef
12. 12.↵
    1. Inglese M,
    2. Adhya S,
    3. Johnson G,
    4. et al

    . Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging correlates of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008;28:164–71

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Zivadinov R,
    2. Sepcic J

    . [Use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple sclerosis]. Lijec Vjesn 2006;128:295–308

    PubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Filippi M,
    2. Agosta F

    . Imaging biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010;31:770–88

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    1. Zeis T,
    2. Graumann U,
    3. Reynolds R,
    4. et al

    . Normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis is in a subtle balance between inflammation and neuroprotection. Brain 2008;131(Part 1):288–303

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
16. 16.↵
    1. Graumann U,
    2. Reynolds R,
    3. Steck AJ,
    4. et al

    . Molecular changes in normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis are characteristic of neuroprotective mechanisms against hypoxic insult. Brain Pathol 2003;13:554–73

    PubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    1. Lassmann H

    . Multiple sclerosis: is there neurodegeneration independent from inflammation? J Neurol Sci 2007;259:3–6

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    1. Lanz M,
    2. Hahn HK,
    3. Hildebrandt H

    . Brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol 2007;254(Suppl 2):II43–48

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Jackson A,
    2. Kassner A,
    3. Zhu XP,
    4. et al

    . Reproducibility of T2* blood volume and vascular tortuosity maps in cerebral gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001;14:510–16

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Jackson A,
    2. Kassner A,
    3. Annesley-Williams D,
    4. et al

    . Abnormalities in the recirculation phase of contrast agent bolus passage in cerebral gliomas: comparison with relative blood volume and tumor grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:7–14

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    1. Kassner A,
    2. Zhu XP,
    3. Li KL,
    4. et al

    . Neoangiogenesis in association with Moyamoya syndrome shown by estimation of relative recirculation based on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:810–18

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    1. Wu S,
    2. Thornhill RE,
    3. Chen S,
    4. et al

    . Relative recirculation: a fast, model-free surrogate for the measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability and the prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke. Invest Radiol 2009;44:662–68

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Dade LA,
    2. Gao FQ,
    3. Kovacevic N,
    4. et al

    . Semiautomatic brain region extraction: a method of parcellating brain regions from structural magnetic resonance images. Neuroimage 2004;22:1492–502

    CrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Robb RA,
    2. Hanson DP,
    3. Karwoski RA,
    4. et al

    . Analyze: a comprehensive, operator-interactive software package for multidimensional medical image display and analysis. Comput Med Imaging Graph 1989;13:433–54

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    1. Aviv RI,
    2. Francis PL,
    3. Tenenbein R,
    4. et al

    . Decreased frontal lobe gray matter perfusion in cognitively impaired patients with secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis detected by the bookend technique. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:1779–85

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    1. Rosen BR,
    2. Belliveau JW,
    3. Vevea JM,
    4. et al

    . Perfusion imaging with NMR contrast agents. Magn Reson Med 1990;14:249–65

    PubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    1. Kassner A,
    2. Annesley DJ,
    3. Zhu XP,
    4. et al

    . Abnormalities of the contrast re-circulation phase in cerebral tumors demonstrated using dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced imaging: a possible marker of vascular tortuosity. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000;11:103–13

    CrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Benedict RH,
    2. Fischer JS,
    3. Archibald CJ,
    4. et al

    . Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: a consensus approach. Clin Neuropsychol 2002;16:381–97

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    1. Thompson AJ,
    2. Polman CH,
    3. Miller DH,
    4. et al

    . Primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 1997;120(Part 6):1085–96

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    1. Heaton RK,
    2. Nelson LM,
    3. Thompson DS,
    4. et al

    . Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1985;53:103–10

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    1. Frischer JM,
    2. Bramow S,
    3. Dal-Bianco A,
    4. et al

    . The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 2009;132(Part 5):1175–89

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
32. 32.↵
    1. Benedict RH,
    2. Cookfair D,
    3. Gavett R,
    4. et al

    . Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS). J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2006;12:549–58

    PubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    1. Drake AS,
    2. Weinstock-Guttman B,
    3. Morrow SA,
    4. et al

    . Psychometrics and normative data for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: replacing the PASAT with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Mult Scler 2010;16:228–37

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
34. 34.↵
    1. Benedict RH,
    2. Weinstock-Guttman B,
    3. Fishman I,
    4. et al

    . Prediction of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis: comparison of conventional magnetic resonance imaging measures of atrophy and lesion burden. Arch Neurol 2004;61:226–30

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    1. Christodoulou C,
    2. Krupp LB,
    3. Liang Z,
    4. et al

    . Cognitive performance and MR markers of cerebral injury in cognitively impaired MS patients. Neurology 2003;60:1793–98

    CrossRef
36. 36.↵
    1. Lockwood AH,
    2. Linn RT,
    3. Szymanski H,
    4. et al

    . Mapping the neural systems that mediate the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT). J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004;10:26–34

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. 37.↵
    1. Dineen RA,
    2. Vilisaar J,
    3. Hlinka J,
    4. et al

    . Disconnection as a mechanism for cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2009;132(Part 1):239–49

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
38. 38.↵
    1. Zivadinov R,
    2. Bakshi R

    . Role of MRI in multiple sclerosis I: inflammation and lesions. Front Biosci 2004;9:665–83

    PubMedWeb of Science
39. 39.↵
    1. Zivadinov R,
    2. Leist TP

    . Clinical-magnetic resonance imaging correlations in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging 2005;15(4 Suppl):10S–21S.

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
40. 40.↵
    1. Filippi M,
    2. Wolinsky JS,
    3. Sormani MP,
    4. et al

    . Enhancement frequency decreases with increasing age in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001;56:422–23

    CrossRef
41. 41.↵
    1. Silver NC,
    2. Tofts PS,
    3. Symms MR,
    4. et al

    . Quantitative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate blood-brain barrier integrity in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. Mult Scler 2001;7:75–82

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
42. 42.↵
    1. Rydahl C,
    2. Thomsen HS,
    3. Marckmann P

    . High prevalence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in chronic renal failure patients exposed to gadodiamide, a gadolinium-containing magnetic resonance contrast agent. Invest Radiol 2008;43:141–44

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
43. 43.↵
    1. Cheng HL

    . Investigation and optimization of parameter accuracy in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008;28:736–43

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    1. Ingrisch M,
    2. Sourbron S,
    3. Morhard D,
    4. et al

    . Quantification of perfusion and permeability in multiple sclerosis: dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in 3D at 3T. Invest Radiol 2012;47:252–58

    CrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    1. O'Sullivan M,
    2. Morris RG,
    3. Huckstep B,
    4. et al

    . Diffusion tensor MRI correlates with executive dysfunction in patients with ischaemic leukoaraiosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:441–47

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
46. 46.↵
    1. Parkinson RB,
    2. Hopkins RO,
    3. Cleavinger HB,
    4. et al

    . White matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological outcome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurology 2002;58:1525–32

    CrossRef
47. 47.↵
    1. Kennedy MR,
    2. Wozniak JR,
    3. Muetzel RL,
    4. et al

    . White matter and neurocognitive changes in adults with chronic traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009;15:130–36

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science