Use of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging to Evaluate the Initial Response of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: Early Experience

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Antinori A,
   2. Cingolani A,
   3. Lorenzini P,
   4. et al.

   , for the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS Study Group. Clinical epidemiology and survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: data from the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS (IRINA). J Neurovirol 2003; (9 suppl 1):47–53
2. 2.↵
   1. Antinori A,
   2. Ammassari A,
   3. Giancola ML,
   4. et al

   . Epidemiology and prognosis of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the HAART era. J Neurovirol 2001;7:323–28

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Bergui M,
   2. Bradac GB,
   3. Oguz KK,
   4. et al

   . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: diffusion-weighted imaging and pathological correlations. Neuroradiology 2004;46:22–25

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Clifford DB,
   2. Yiannoutsos C,
   3. Glicksman M,
   4. et al

   . HAART improves prognosis in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1999;52:623–25

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   1. Du Pasquier RA,
   2. Koralnik IJ

   . Inflammatory reaction in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: harmful or beneficial? J Neurovirol 2003; (9 suppl):125–31
6. 6.↵
   1. Miralles P,
   2. Berenguer J,
   3. Lacruz C,
   4. et al

   . Inflammatory reactions in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001;15:1900–02

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   1. Wyen C,
   2. Lehmann C,
   3. Fätkenheuer G,
   4. et al.

   AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of HAART: report of two cases and review of the literature. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005;19:486–94

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Riedel DJ,
   2. Pardo CA,
   3. McArthur J,
   4. et al

   . Therapy insight: CNS manifestations of HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006;2:557–65

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. 9.↵
   1. Thurnher MM,
   2. Post MJ,
   3. Rieger A,
   4. et al

   . Initial and follow-up MR imaging findings in AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:977–84

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Cinque P,
    2. Bossolasco S,
    3. Brambilla AM,
    4. et al

    . The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution on development and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: study of 43 cases with review of the literature. J Neurovirol 2003;(9 suppl 1):73–80
11. 11.↵
    1. Post MJ,
    2. Yiannoutsos C,
    3. Simpson D,
    4. et al

    . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: are there any MR findings useful to patient management and predictive of patient survival? AIDS Clinical Trials Group. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1896–906

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    1. Küker W,
    2. Mader I,
    3. Nägele T,
    4. et al

    . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: value of diffusion-weighted and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and treatment control. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:819–26

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    1. Mader I,
    2. Herrlinger U,
    3. Klose U,
    4. et al

    . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: analysis of lesion development with diffusion-weighted MRI. Neuroradiology 2003;45:717–21

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. 14.↵
    1. Usiskin SI,
    2. Bainbridge A,
    3. Miller RF,
    4. et al

    . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: serial high-b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient measurements to assess response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:285–86

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. Ohta K,
    2. Obara K,
    3. Sakauchi M,
    4. et al

    . Lesion extension detected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurol 2001;248:809–11

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Buckle CE,
    2. Chou D,
    3. Ogedegbe A

    . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: correlation with the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Presented at: 24th International Congress of Radiology, Cape Town, South Africa. September 12–16, 2006
17. 17.↵
    1. Gaudinski MR,
    2. Henning EC,
    3. Miracle A,
    4. et al

    . Establishing final infarct volume: stroke lesion evolution past 30 days is insignificant. Stroke 2008;39:2765–68

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    1. Sener RN

    . Diffusion MRI: apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the normal brain and a classification of brain disorders based on ADC values. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2001;25:299–326

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Cosottini M,
    2. Tavarelli C,
    3. Del Bono L,
    4. et al

    . Diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Eur Radiol 2008;18:1024–30

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Aksamit AJ Jr.

    . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy:a review of the pathology and pathogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 1995;32:302–11

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Falcó V,
    2. Olmo M,
    3. del Saz SV, G,
    4. et al

    . Influence of HAART on the clinical course of HIV-1-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: results of an observational multicenter study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;49:26–31

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 22.↵
    1. Tan K,
    2. Roda R,
    3. Ostrow L,
    4. et al

    . PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection: clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids. Neurology 2009;72:1458–64

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
23. 23.↵
    1. Berger JR

    . Steroids for PML-IRIS: a double-edged sword? Neurology 2009;72:1454–55

    FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    1. Burdette JH,
    2. Elster AD,
    3. Ricci PE

    . Calculation of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) in brain using two-point and six-point methods. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998;22:792–94

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science