Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
Flow diagram showing the patient-selection protocol and criteria for inclusion and exclusion. The asterisk indicates that multiple scans per patient were used for further subanalyses on intrasubject test-retest reliability. VP-Shunt indicates ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
- FIG 2.
Cerebral volumes of interest. Axial representation of VOIs on spatially normalized T1-weighted images displaying 6 atlas-based anatomic VOIs (female subject, 27 years of age; right-sided lesion) (A) and individually segmented gray and white matter VOIs (female subject, 38 years of age; left-sided lesion) (B). Only the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion was analyzed for each subject, with a total of 8 VOIs per subject.
- FIG 3.
Color representations of distance map parameters I, VTI, and CBI. Parameters I, VTI, and CBI are shown as spatially normalized, averaged axial parametric maps. In MNI standard space, slice coordinates are as follows for all maps (from left to right, Z-axis): -40, -14, 0, 8, 24, 44. Maps of parameters I and VTI are closely correlated and depict differences between brain regions with predominantly venous outflow, eg, close to the transverse and rectus sinus, and predominantly arterial inflow, eg, in the insular cortex. Parameter CBI contrasts brain regions with increased capillary vascularization, such as the GP and hippocampus.
- FIG 4.
Parametric maps for CBV fraction, VIPS, and rCBV. Parameters BVF, VIPS, and rCBV are shown as spatially normalized, averaged axial parametric maps in MNI standard space as above. Because BVF identifies regions with increased blood volume, it is similar to rCBV with moderate correlations between both parameter values in the cGM and WM, respectively (Online Supplemental Data). The parameter VIPS is highly increased in the GP and thalamus (Table 2), as well as in parts of the WM along the pyramidal tracts.
- FIG 5.
Color maps of VSI, microvessel density Q, and CGI. Parameters VSI, Q, and CGI are shown as spatially normalized, averaged axial parametric maps in MNI standard space as above. Parameters VSI and CGI indicate larger vessel calibers in the cGM compared with WM (Table 2). Microvessel density Q is increased in the lenticular nucleus (GP and putamen) and thalamus, compared with WM.
Tables
- Table 1:
Demographics and distribution of individual vascular risk factors within the cohort (n = 106)a
Cohort Variable Age (mean) (range) (yr) 39.2 (SD, 12.5) (20–70) Sex (% female) 52.8 BMI (mean) (range) (kg/m2) 25.7 (SD, 4.2) (18.4–37.7) Vascular risk factors (No.) (% of 106) Obesity (BMI >30) 19 (17.9%) Arterial hypertension 16 (15.1%) Diabetes mellitus type 2 4 (3.8%) Smoking 25 (23.6%) KPS (mean) (range) 95.2 (SD, 6.8) (80–100) ↵a Data are displayed as mean values (SD) and (range) except where otherwise indicated.
Mean [95% CI] Cortical GM CN Thalamus Putamen GP Hippocampus Amygdala WM Average mask size (voxel) 38,354 833 1107 1031 287 939 234 36,322 I −2.27 −2.42 −1.06 −1.89 −0.95 −2.39 −1.79 −1.33 [s−1] [−2.45 to −2.08] [−2.79 to −2.04] [−1.37 to −0.75] [−2.11 to −1.67] [−1.23 to −0.67] [−2.69 to −2.09] [−2.31 to −1.26] [−1.44 to −1.22] VTI −5.41 −5.66 −2.47 −3.64 −2.81 −6.60 −5.13 −2.60 [s−2] [−5.96 to −4.86] [−6.58 to −4.75] [−.25 to −1.7] [−4.24 to −3.04] [−3.81 to −1.82] [−7.5 to −5.7] [−7.23 to −3.02] [−2.84 to −2.35] CBI 1.44 1.34 1.73 1.63 2.46 1.65 2.17 1.16 [s−1] [1.38–1.49] [1.28–1.4] [1.67–1.79] [1.57–1.7] [2.36–2.56] [1.6–1.71] [2.08–2.27] [1.12–1.19] BVF 20.40 16.39 18.28 15.52 15.60 22.05 23.92 11.05 [s−1] [19.53–21.26] [15.63–17.15] [17.46–19.1] [14.7–16.33] [14.88–16.32] [21.1–22.99] [22.67–25.16] [10.58–11.52] VIPS −3.97 −2.82 0.02 −2.23 6.68 −5.39 −7.17 −3.19 [10−1 s] [−4.34 to −3.60] [-4.25 to −1.38] [−0.75–0.79] [−2.84 to –1.61] [4.91–8.44] [−6.29 to –4.49] [−8.89 to –5.46] [−3.64 to −2.74] rCBV 3.03 2.44 2.79 1.97 1.80 4.20 4.16 1.61 [10−2] [3.01–3.05] [2.37–2.51] [2.69–2.88] [1.93–2.02] [1.74–1.85] [4.07–4.34] [3.95–4.36] [1.58–1.63] VSI 37.32 43.20 29.11 12.93 10.93 45.20 45.25 19.29 [µm] [36.43–38.22] [40.2–46.2] [27.31–30.91] [12.53–13.32] [10.13–11.73] [43.3–47.1] [42.37–48.13] [18.85–19.74] Q 4.25 3.36 4.50 4.91 5.90 3.81 3.90 4.23 [10−2·ms−1/3] [4.20–4.30] [3.24–3.48] [4.42–4.57] [4.85–4.97] [5.75–6.05] [3.74–3.88] [3.8–4] [4.18–4.27] CGI 5.80 6.19 5.10 4.14 3.14 6.10 5.68 4.25 [ ] [5.68–5.91] [5.96–6.42] [4.91–5.28] [4.01–4.28] [2.99–3.29] [5.93–6.26] [5.47–5.89] [4.13–4.36] Note:—[ ] indicates 95% confidence intervals.
a Data are presented as mean values with 95% confidence intervals for mean values.
Parameter ICC 95% CI F P I 0.4895 [0.3814–0.5844] 2.9241 <.0001 VTI 0.3623 [0.2406–0.4727] 2.1337 <.0001 CBI 0.7297 [0.6591–0.7873] 6.5456 <.0001 BVF 0.7771 [0.7182–0.8250] 7.9463 <.0001 VIPS 0.5689 [0.4713–0.6527] 3.6274 <.0001 rCBV 0.9274 [0.9061–0.9440] 26.4302 <.0001 VSI 0.9163 [0.892–0.9353] 22.969 <.0001 Q 0.853 [0.8046–0.8890] 13.3324 <.0001 CGI 0.8109 [0.7598–0.8520] 9.5721 <.0001 ↵a ICC estimates with 95% confidence intervals for each parameter and the F test for the hypothesis that ICC = 0. Mean values for 8 VOIs were compared between n = 27 individual subjects at 2 different time points (n = 216 values per time point).
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