Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
Illustrative examples of signal abnormalities in 2 cases of confirmed anti-LGI1 encephalitis, one with medial temporal lobe T2-FLAIR hyperintensities (A) and another with right BG T2-FLAIR hyperintensity (B).
- FIG 2.
Study selection flow chart.18 PubMed and Web of Science were searched for the terms “LGI1” and “encephalitis.” Of 665 records screened, 133 were assessed for eligibility, resulting in 31 included publications.
- FIG 3.
Forest plot showing the prevalence of T2 FLAIR-MTL hyperintensities. Of 1318 patients in 30 studies, 54% presented with this signal abnormality.
- FIG 4.
Forest plots showing the prevalence of bilateral T2 FLAIR-MTL hyperintensities (27% of 394 patients in 13 studies) (A) and unilateral MTL T2 FLAIR-MTL hyperintensities (24% of 394 patients in 13 studies) (B).
- FIG 5.
Forest plot showing the prevalence of BG signal abnormalities (T2-FLAIR hyperintensities and T1 hypo- and hyperintensities with 10% of 612 patients having these abnormalities).
- FIG 6.
LGI1 gene expression in the cortical (A) and subcortical (B) regions derived from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. In this figure, LGI1 gene expression is shown to be higher in the MTLs and BG, concordant with the main MR imaging signal abnormality findings, suggesting that regional brain susceptibility in anti-LGI1 encephalitis might be mediated by the relative levels of brain regional expression of this gene.
Tables
Studies (No.) Total Subjects (No.) Summary Statistic Mean age (yr) 30 1409 61.4 Male sex (No.) (%) 30 1409 895 (64%) Cognitive impairment (No.) (%) 30 1409 1095 (78%) FBDS (No.) (%) 27 1252 639 (51%) Other seizures (No.) (%) 28 1368 989 (72%) Psychiatric symptoms (No.) (%) 25 1203 612 (51%) Hallucinations (No.) (%) 9 493 80 (16%) Hyponatremia (No.) (%) 24 1146 512 (45%) Sleep disorder (No.) (%) 21 1166 417 (36%) Consciousness impairment (No.) (%) 12 574 180 (31%) Autonomic dysfunction (No.) (%) 15 812 155 (19%) Abnormal EEG findings (No.) (%) 19 698 508 (73%) CSF antibody positivity (No.) (%) 14 713 457 (64%) Studies (No.) Total Subjects (No.) Proportion Amygdala T2 hyperintensity 3 94 9 (10%) Insula T2 hyperintensity 5 153 12 (8%) Cortical T2 FLAIR hyperintensitya 4 79 14 (18%) Cortical with diffusion restrictiona 3 85 2 (2%) Leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement 2 61 3 (5%) MTL swelling 4 117 18 (15%) MTL atrophyb 7 353 55 (16%) MTL with gadolinium enhancement 2 151 5 (3%) MTL atrophy or mesial temporal sclerosis on follow-up 6 154 71 (46%) BG atrophy 2 102 3 (3%) a Excluding MTL and insula.
↵b The time of the MR imaging relative to symptom initiation was not available.
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