Glioma-Induced Disruption of Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations in the Salience Network

J. Yang; S. Gohel; Z. Zhang; V. Hatzoglou; A.I. Holodny; B.A. Vachha

doi:10.3174/ajnr.A6929

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FIG 1.
Map of functional connectivity and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the SN. Decreased functional connectivity within the SN was seen by placing a seed in the R-dACC in a representative patient with a left frontal glioblastoma (A) and a healthy control (B). ALFF map of the same patient (C) and a healthy control (D). Circles represent the 4 SN ROIs. Values in boxes represent average ALFF values within the specific ROIs. Increased ALFF values were seen in all 4 SN ROIs in the patient compared with the healthy control. R-dACC indicates right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; L-dACC, left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; L-AINS, left anterior insula; R-AINS, right anterior insula; L, left; R, right.
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FIG 2.
Effect of glioma location on amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the SN ROIs. Bar graphs for comparison of mean ALFF values in the L-dACC (A), R-dACC (B), L-AINS (C), and R-AINS (D) in healthy controls and patients grouped by glioma location. HC indicates healthy controls; L, patients with gliomas in left hemisphere; R, patients with gliomas in right hemisphere; Ant, patients with anteriorly located gliomas; Post, patients with posteriorly located gliomas; L-dACC, left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; R-dACC, right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; L-AINS, left anterior insula; R-AINS, right anterior insula. The asterisk indicates P < .05 post hoc Tukey-Kramer test for multiple comparisons.
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FIG 3.
Effect of glioma grade on the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the SN ROIs. Bar graphs for comparison of mean ALFF values in the L-dACC (A), R-dACC) (B), L-AINS (C), and R-AINS (D) in healthy controls and patients grouped by glioma grade. HC indicates healthy controls; II, patients with grade II gliomas; III, patients with grade III gliomas; IV, patients with grade IV gliomas; L-dACC, left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; R-dACC, right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; L-AINS, left anterior insula; R-AINS, right anterior insula.. The asterisk indicates P < .05 post hoc Tukey-Kramer test for multiple comparisons.

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Table 1:

Study group and tumor characteristics

Sample Characteristics	Patients (n = 69)	Healthy Controls (n = 31)
Sex
Male	45	18
Female	24	13
Age (yr)
Mean	48.74 [SD, 14.32]	49.68 [SD, 15.54]
Range	19–77	22–68
Handedness^{^a}
Right	61	29
Left	8	2
Glioma location^{^b}
Anterior	53
Posterior	16
Glioma hemisphere
Left	41
Right	28
Glioma grade (WHO classification)
Grade II	25
Grade III	17
Grade IV	27
Antiepileptics (yes/no)	55/14
Steroids (yes/no)	33/36

Note:—WHO indicates World Health Organization.
↵a Handedness was determined by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory.
↵b “Anterior” tumors are located in the frontal or anterior temporal lobes. “Posterior” tumors are located in the parietal or posterior temporal lobes, as classified by radiology report review.

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Table 2:

Effect of glioma presence on SN RSFC and regional ALFF^{^a}

Analysis	Healthy Controls	Patients with Gliomas	P Values
Average SN RSFC	0.73 [SD, 0.20]	0.56 [SD, 0.25]	.001^{^b}
ALFF
L-dACC	0.93 [SD, 0.16]	0.98 [SD, 0.22]	.21
R-dACC	0.93 [SD, 0.16]	1.08 [SD, 0.22]	<.001^{^b}
L-AINS	0.76 [SD, 0.12]	0.90 [SD, 0.23]	.001^{^b}
R-AINS	0.87 [SD, 0.13]	1.13 [SD, 0.32]	<.001^{^b}

Note:—L-dACC indicates left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; R-dACC, right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; R-AINS, right anterior insula; L-AINS, left anterior insula.
↵a Data are presented as means.
↵b P < .01 after Bonferroni-correction.