Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
A case with a carotid web in the ipsilateral carotid bifurcation of a patient with ischemic stroke. Images of CTA (A1) and CFD simulations (A2, streamlines; A3, wall shear stress). Focused on the region distal from the carotid web, a large recirculation zone is observed with low time-averaged WSS values. At the minimal lumen area at the location of the web, a high TAWSS is observed. Streamlines were based on the time-averaged velocity field.
- Fig 2.
Boxplots showing the distribution of the total surface of the recirculation zone, TransWSS, OSI, and TAWSS for the carotid bifurcation with a web and the contralateral bifurcation. P values were obtained from a paired Wilcoxon signed rank test. A, Distribution of the total surface of the recirculation area, which was statistically significant (P = .02) larger in carotid bifurcations with a web compared with the contralateral carotid bifurcation (control group) within patients. B, Distribution of TransWSS in the recirculation zone, which was statistically significant (P = .02) larger in carotid bifurcations with a web compared with the contralateral carotid bifurcation (control group) within patients. C, Distribution of maximum OSI in the recirculation zone, which was statistically significant (P = .04) larger in carotid bifurcations with a web compared with the contralateral carotid bifurcation (control group) within patients. D, Distribution of maximum time-averaged wall shear stress (Pascal) at the level of the carotid bulb, which was statistically significant (P = .01) larger in carotid bifurcations with a web compared with the contralateral carotid bifurcation (control group) within patients.
Tables
Pt. Sex, Age (yr) Carotid Web in Symptomatic Bifurcation Location Intracranial Occlusion Previous Stroke Smoking Diabetes Atrial Fibrillation Myocardial Infarction 1 F, 45 Yes M1 right Yes No No No No 2 M, 77 Yes M1 right No No No Yes No 3 F, 67 Yes M1 right No No No No No 4 F, 44 Yes ICA-T right No No No No No 5 F, 66 Yes M2 right No No No No No 6 F, 45 Yes ICA-T right No No No No No 7 F, 59 Yes M1 right No No No No No 8 F, 46 Yes M1 right No No No No No 9 F, 73 No M1 left No No No No No Note:—Pt. indicates patient; ICA-T, ICA terminus.
- Table 2:
Results of hemodynamic parameters between the carotid web and the contralateral carotid bifurcation
Carotid Web Contralateral Carotid Bifurcation P Valuea Recirculation zone Area (median) (IQR) (mm2) 63.61 (50.60–99.38) 43.0 (36.46–50.34) .02 Length (median) (IQR) (mm) 6.90 (5.60–8.60) 1.80 (1.40–2.10) .01 Mean TAWSS (median) (IQR) (Pa) 0.27 (0.23–0.34) 0.27 (0.22–0.28) .30 Maximum TransWSS (median) (IQR) (Pa) 0.25 (0.20–0.31) 0.21 (0.10–0.23) .02 Maximum OSI (median) (IQR) 0.39 (0.36–0.43) 0.30 (0.19–0.33) .04 At level of minimum lumen area Maximum TAWSS (median) (IQR) (Pa) 0.58 (0.51–0.61) 0.45 (0.34–0.47) .01 ↵a P values were obtained from a paired Wilcoxon signed rank test.
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