Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home

User menu

  • Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
American Journal of Neuroradiology
American Journal of Neuroradiology

American Journal of Neuroradiology

ASHNR American Society of Functional Neuroradiology ASHNR American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology ASSR
  • Alerts
  • Log in

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home
  • Follow AJNR on Twitter
  • Visit AJNR on Facebook
  • Follow AJNR on Instagram
  • Join AJNR on LinkedIn
  • RSS Feeds

AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticleBrain

Traumatic Intracranial Hematomas: Prognostic Value of Contrast Extravasation

L. Letourneau-Guillon, T. Huynh, R. Jakobovic, R. Milwid, S.P. Symons and R.I. Aviv
American Journal of Neuroradiology April 2013, 34 (4) 773-779; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3309
L. Letourneau-Guillon
aFrom the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
T. Huynh
aFrom the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R. Jakobovic
aFrom the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R. Milwid
aFrom the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S.P. Symons
aFrom the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R.I. Aviv
aFrom the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Maas AI,
    2. Stocchetti N,
    3. Bullock R
    . Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:728–41
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. 2.↵
    1. Alahmadi H,
    2. Vachhrajani S,
    3. Cusimano MD
    . The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg 2010;112:1139–45
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. Chang EF,
    2. Meeker M,
    3. Holland MC
    . Acute traumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage: risk factors for progression in the early post-injury period. Neurosurgery 2007;61:222–30, discussion 230–31
    PubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Compagnone C,
    2. d'Avella D,
    3. Servadei F,
    4. et al
    . Patients with moderate head injury: a prospective multicenter study of 315 patients. Neurosurgery 2009;64:690–96, discussion 696–97
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Oertel M,
    2. Kelly DF,
    3. McArthur D,
    4. et al
    . Progressive hemorrhage after head trauma: predictors and consequences of the evolving injury. J Neurosurg 2002;96:109–16
    PubMedWeb of Science
  6. 6.↵
    1. Narayan RK,
    2. Maas AI,
    3. Servadei F,
    4. et al
    . Progression of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective observational study. J Neurotrauma 2008;25:629–39
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. 7.↵
    1. White CL,
    2. Griffith S,
    3. Caron JL
    . Early progression of traumatic cerebral contusions: characterization and risk factors. J Neurotrauma 2009;67:508–14, discussion 514–15
  8. 8.↵
    1. Yadav YR,
    2. Basoor A,
    3. Jain G,
    4. et al
    . Expanding traumatic intracerebral contusion/hematoma. Neurol India 2006;54:377–81
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Chieregato A,
    2. Fainardi E,
    3. Morselli-Labate AM,
    4. et al
    . Factors associated with neurological outcome and lesion progression in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Neurosurgery 2005;56:671–80, discussion 671–80
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  10. 10.↵
    1. Subramanian SK,
    2. Roszler MH,
    3. Gaudy B,
    4. et al
    . Significance of computed tomography mixed density in traumatic extra-axial hemorrhage. Neurol Res 2002;24:125–28
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Eastman AL,
    2. Chason DP,
    3. Perez CL,
    4. et al
    . Computed tomographic angiography for the diagnosis of blunt cervical vascular injury: is it ready for primetime? J Neurotrauma 2006;60:925–29, discussion 929
  12. 12.↵
    1. Delgado Almandoz JE,
    2. Yoo AJ,
    3. Stone MJ,
    4. et al
    . Systematic characterization of the computed tomography angiography spot sign in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk for hematoma expansion: the spot sign score. Stroke 2009;40:2994–3000
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.↵
    1. Delgado Almandoz JE,
    2. Yoo AJ,
    3. Stone MJ,
    4. et al
    . The spot sign score in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk of in-hospital mortality and poor outcome among survivors. Stroke 2010;41:54–60
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵
    1. Wada R,
    2. Aviv RI,
    3. Fox AJ,
    4. et al
    . CT angiography “spot sign” predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2007;38:1257–62
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  15. 15.↵
    1. Ederies A,
    2. Demchuk A,
    3. Chia T,
    4. et al
    . Postcontrast CT extravasation is associated with hematoma expansion in CTA spot negative patients. Stroke 2009;40:1672–76
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  16. 16.↵
    1. Li N,
    2. Wang Y,
    3. Wang W,
    4. et al
    . Contrast extravasation on computed tomography angiography predicts clinical outcome in primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective study of 139 cases. Stroke 2011;42:3441–46
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    1. Park SY,
    2. Kong MH,
    3. Kim JH,
    4. et al
    . Role of “spot sign” on CT angiography to predict hematoma expansion in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2010;48:399–405
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Delgado Almandoz JE,
    2. Kelly HR,
    3. Schaefer PW,
    4. et al
    . CT angiography spot sign predicts in-hospital mortality in patients with secondary intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurointerv Surg 2012;4:442–47
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  19. 19.↵
    1. Goldstein JN,
    2. Fazen LE,
    3. Snider R,
    4. et al
    . Contrast extravasation on CT angiography predicts hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007;68:889–94
    CrossRef
  20. 20.↵
    1. Becker KJ,
    2. Baxter AB,
    3. Bybee HM,
    4. et al
    . Extravasation of radiographic contrast is an independent predictor of death in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1999;30:2025–32
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  21. 21.↵
    1. Wang YH,
    2. Fan JY,
    3. Luo GD,
    4. et al
    . Hematoma volume affects the accuracy of computed tomographic angiography ‘spot sign’ in predicting hematoma expansion after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur Neurol 2011;65:150–55
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Hallevi H,
    2. Abraham AT,
    3. Barreto AD,
    4. et al
    . The spot sign in intracerebral hemorrhage: the importance of looking for contrast extravasation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010;29:217–20
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. Kim J,
    2. Smith A,
    3. Hemphill JC 3rd.,
    4. et al
    . Contrast extravasation on CT predicts mortality in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:520–25
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  24. 24.↵
    1. Mauser HW,
    2. van Nieuwenhuizen O,
    3. Veiga-Pires JA
    . Is contrast-enhanced CT indicated in acute head injury? Neuroradiology 1984;26:31–32
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Huang AP,
    2. Lee CW,
    3. Hsieh HJ,
    4. et al
    . Early parenchymal contrast extravasation predicts subsequent hemorrhage progression, clinical deterioration, and need for surgery in patients with traumatic cerebral contusion. J Trauma 2011;71:1593–99
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. 26.↵
    1. d'Esterre CD,
    2. Chia TL,
    3. Jairath A,
    4. et al
    . Early rate of contrast extravasation in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1879–84
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  27. 27.↵
    1. Graeb DA,
    2. Robertson WD,
    3. Lapointe JS,
    4. et al
    . Computed tomographic diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage: etiology and prognosis. Radiology 1982;143:91–96
    PubMedWeb of Science
  28. 28.↵
    Appendix II: evaluation of relevant computed tomographic scan findings. Neurosurgery 2006;58:S2–62
  29. 29.↵
    1. Gazzola S,
    2. Aviv RI,
    3. Gladstone DJ,
    4. et al
    . Vascular and nonvascular mimics of the CT angiography “spot sign” in patients with secondary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2008;39:1177–83
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  30. 30.↵
    1. Thompson AL,
    2. Kosior JC,
    3. Gladstone DJ,
    4. et al
    . Defining the CT angiography ‘spot sign’ in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci 2009;36:456–61
    PubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.↵
    The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Age. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:573–81
    PubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Liu-DeRyke X,
    2. Collingridge DS,
    3. Orme J,
    4. et al
    . Clinical impact of early hyperglycemia during acute phase of traumatic brain injury. Neurocritic Care 2009;11:151–57
    CrossRef
  33. 33.↵
    The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Glasgow Coma Scale score. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:563–71
    PubMed
  34. 34.↵
    1. Marshall LF,
    2. Marshall SB,
    3. Klauber MR,
    4. et al
    . The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. J Neurotrauma 1992;9 Suppl 1:S287–92
    PubMedWeb of Science
  35. 35.↵
    1. Maas AI,
    2. Hukkelhoven CW,
    3. Marshall LF,
    4. et al
    . Prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury with computed tomographic characteristics: a comparison between the computed tomographic classification and combinations of computed tomographic predictors. Neurosurgery 2005;57:1173–82, discussion 1173–82
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. 36.↵
    1. Maas AI,
    2. Steyerberg EW,
    3. Butcher I,
    4. et al
    . Prognostic value of computerized tomography scan characteristics in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:303–14
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  37. 37.↵
    1. Steyerberg EW
    . Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation, and Updating. New York: Springer Science and Business Media; 2009
  38. 38.↵
    1. Murai Y,
    2. Takagi R,
    3. Ikeda Y,
    4. et al
    . Three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography in patients with hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1999;91:424–31
    PubMedWeb of Science
  39. 39.↵
    1. Tomida M,
    2. Muraki M,
    3. Uemura K,
    4. et al
    . Postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging to predict progression of traumatic epidural and subdural hematomas in the acute stage. Neurosurgery 1998;43:66–70, discussion 70–71
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Takanashi Y,
    2. Shinonaga M
    . Magnetic resonance imaging for surgical consideration of acute head injury. J Clin Neurosci 2001;8:240–44
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. Steyerberg EW,
    2. Mushkudiani N,
    3. Perel P,
    4. et al
    . Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med 2008;5:e165, discussion e165
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵
    1. Nelson DW,
    2. Nystrom H,
    3. MacCallum RM,
    4. et al
    . Extended analysis of early computed tomography scans of traumatic brain injured patients and relations to outcome. J Neurotrauma 2010;27:51–64
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. 43.↵
    1. Jacobs B,
    2. Beems T,
    3. van der Vliet TM,
    4. et al
    . Computed tomography and outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: hematoma volume and midline shift revisited. J Neurotrauma 2011;28:203–15
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. 44.↵
    The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Computed tomography scan features. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:597–627
    PubMed
  45. 45.↵
    1. Yuh EL,
    2. Cooper SR,
    3. Ferguson AR,
    4. et al
    . Quantitative CT improves outcome prediction in acute traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012;29:735–46
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. 46.↵
    1. Zimmerman RA,
    2. Bilaniuk LT
    . Computed tomographic staging of traumatic epidural bleeding. Radiology 1982;144:809–12
    PubMedWeb of Science
  47. 47.↵
    1. Divani AA,
    2. Majidi S,
    3. Luo X,
    4. et al
    . The ABCs of accurate volumetric measurement of cerebral hematoma. Stroke 2011;42:1569–74
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  48. 48.↵
    1. Huttner HB,
    2. Steiner T,
    3. Hartmann M,
    4. et al
    . Comparison of ABC/2 estimation technique to computer-assisted planimetric analysis in warfarin-related intracerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. Stroke 2006;37:404–08
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  49. 49.↵
    1. Tong WS,
    2. Zheng P,
    3. Xu JF,
    4. et al
    . Early CT signs of progressive hemorrhagic injury following acute traumatic brain injury. Neuroradiology 2011;53:305–09
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. 50.↵
    1. Broderick JP,
    2. Diringer MN,
    3. Hill MD,
    4. et al
    . Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis. Stroke 2007;38:1072–75
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  51. 51.↵
    1. Kazui S,
    2. Naritomi H,
    3. Yamamoto H,
    4. et al
    . Enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Incidence and time course. Stroke 1996;27:1783–87
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  52. 52.↵
    1. Crooks DA
    . Pathogenesis and biomechanics of traumatic intracranial haemorrhages. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1991;418:479–83
    CrossRefPubMed
  53. 53.↵
    1. Cervós-Navarro J,
    2. Lafuente JV
    . Traumatic brain injuries: structural changes. J Neurol Sci 1991;103(suppl):S3–14
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. 54.↵
    1. Maxeiner H
    . Detection of ruptured cerebral bridging veins at autopsy. Forensic Sci Int 1997;89:103–10
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  55. 55.↵
    1. Tsuchida Y,
    2. Therasse P
    . Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST): new guidelines. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:1–3
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  56. 56.↵
    1. Bullock MR,
    2. Chesnut R,
    3. Ghajar J,
    4. et al
    . Surgical management of traumatic parenchymal lesions. Neurosurgery 2006;58:S25–46, discussion Si-iv
    PubMed
  57. 57.↵
    1. Mnyusiwalla A,
    2. Aviv RI,
    3. Symons SP
    . Radiation dose from multidetector row CT imaging for acute stroke. Neuroradiology 2009;51:635–40
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

American Journal of Neuroradiology: 34 (4)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 34, Issue 4
1 Apr 2013
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Advertisement
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Traumatic Intracranial Hematomas: Prognostic Value of Contrast Extravasation
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Cite this article
L. Letourneau-Guillon, T. Huynh, R. Jakobovic, R. Milwid, S.P. Symons, R.I. Aviv
Traumatic Intracranial Hematomas: Prognostic Value of Contrast Extravasation
American Journal of Neuroradiology Apr 2013, 34 (4) 773-779; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3309

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
0 Responses
Respond to this article
Share
Bookmark this article
Traumatic Intracranial Hematomas: Prognostic Value of Contrast Extravasation
L. Letourneau-Guillon, T. Huynh, R. Jakobovic, R. Milwid, S.P. Symons, R.I. Aviv
American Journal of Neuroradiology Apr 2013, 34 (4) 773-779; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3309
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Purchase

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • ABBREVIATIONS:
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusions
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Quantification of Iodine Leakage on Dual-Energy CT as a Marker of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Contusions: Prediction of Surgical Intervention for Intracranial Pressure Management
  • Crossref
  • Google Scholar

This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.

More in this TOC Section

  • Optimal MRI Sequence for Identifying Occlusion Location in Acute Stroke: Which Value of Time-Resolved Contrast-Enhanced MRA?
  • Evaluating the Effects of White Matter Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on the Volume Estimation of 6 Brain Tissue Segmentation Methods
  • Quiet PROPELLER MRI Techniques Match the Quality of Conventional PROPELLER Brain Imaging Techniques
Show more Brain

Similar Articles

Advertisement

Indexed Content

  • Current Issue
  • Accepted Manuscripts
  • Article Preview
  • Past Issues
  • Editorials
  • Editor's Choice
  • Fellows' Journal Club
  • Letters to the Editor
  • Video Articles

Cases

  • Case Collection
  • Archive - Case of the Week
  • Archive - Case of the Month
  • Archive - Classic Case

More from AJNR

  • Trainee Corner
  • Imaging Protocols
  • MRI Safety Corner
  • Book Reviews

Multimedia

  • AJNR Podcasts
  • AJNR Scantastics

Resources

  • Turnaround Time
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Submit a Video Article
  • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
  • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
  • Statistical Tips
  • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
  • Graphical Abstract Preparation
  • Imaging Protocol Submission
  • Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide
  • Publishing Checklists
  • Author Policies
  • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
  • News and Updates

About Us

  • About AJNR
  • Editorial Board
  • Editorial Board Alumni
  • Alerts
  • Permissions
  • Not an AJNR Subscriber? Join Now
  • Advertise with Us
  • Librarian Resources
  • Feedback
  • Terms and Conditions
  • AJNR Editorial Board Alumni

American Society of Neuroradiology

  • Not an ASNR Member? Join Now

© 2025 by the American Society of Neuroradiology All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X

Powered by HighWire