Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Identification of IPH in the left carotid artery of a 60-year-old man with an ipsilateral cerebrovascular ischemic event. A, Source image from the coronally oriented CE-MRA mask sequence shows hyperintense signal intensity in the left carotid artery wall corresponding to IPH. The high signal intensity is seen on the transverse view of the mask image (B) reconstructed in the same plane as the T1-weighted precontrast BBMRI (C).
- Fig 2.
Examples of adventitial enhancement categories based on BBMRI acquired after the intravenous administration of gadolinium-based contrast (right column) by using the corresponding precontrast images for reference (left column). Categories 0, 1, and 2 are shown with no enhancement (A), <50% enhancement (B), and ≥50% enhancement (C) of the adventitia (arrows), respectively. ICA and ECA indicate internal carotid artery and external carotid artery, respectively.
- Fig 3.
The relation between adventitial enhancement and prior cerebrovascular ischemic events stratified for patients with and without IPH present.
Tables
Patient Characteristics Age (yr) 72.5 (10.0, 45–89) Female 11 (23%) Active smoker 7 (15%) Diabetes mellitus 7 (15%) Hypertension 26 (55%) Hyperlipidemia 20 (43%) Statin use 37 (78%) Aspirin use 29 (61%) Clinical presentation Asymptomatic 23 (49%) TIA 9 (19%) Stroke 15 (32%) -
↵a Data are expressed as mean (SD, range) or number of participants (% of 47).
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- Table 2:
Characteristics of participants grouped by adventitial enhancement category and IPH presencea
Adventitial Enhancement IPH Category 0 (n = 7) Category 1 (n = 16) Category 2 (n = 24) P No. (n = 25) Yes (n = 22) P Age (yr) 68.7 ± 11 71.2 ± 9.6 74.4 ± 9.7 .34 70.5 ± 11 74.8 ± 8.3 .15 Female 2 3 6 .84 9 2 .03 Active smoker 0 5 2 .07 5 2 .27 Diabetes mellitus 2 3 2 .36 4 3 .57 Hypertension 3 9 14 .76 14 12 .58 Hyperlipidemia 4 5 11 .46 11 9 .53 Statin use 5 14 18 .56 21 16 .28 Aspirin use 4 12 13 .40 15 14 .52 TIA/stroke (%) 14 48 63 .02 9 15 .03 Stenosis (%) 53 ± 25 54 ± 30 62 ± 26 .62 47 ± 29 71 ± 19 .002 Maximum wall thickness (mm) 4.63 ± 1.84 4.75 ± 1.55 4.82 ± 1.14 .95 4.42 ± 1.60 5.13 ± 0.99 .04 -
↵a Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number of participants. Based on data from reader 1.
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- Table 3:
Multivariable analysis for participants with previous cerebrovascular ischemic eventsa
Multivariable OR 95% CI P Age (yr) 0.99 0.91–1.08 .88 Female 0.43 0.07–2.72 .37 Active smoker 7.50 1.10–51.47 .04 Diabetes mellitus 10.25 0.91–115.92 .06 Hypertension 0.58 0.10–3.34 .54 Hyperlipidemia 0.51 0.08–3.14 .47 Statin use 0.81 0.06–9.84 .87 Aspirin use 0.99 0.10–9.70 .99 Stenosis (%) 0.05 0.02–1.50 .09 Maximum wall thickness (mm) 0.77 0.40–1.45 .42 Adventitial enhancement (category 1 vs category 0) 14.90 0.98–225.93 .05 Adventitial enhancement (category 2 vs category 0) 51.17 3.40–469.80 .004 IPH presence 10.18 1.42–72.21 .02 -
↵a Adjusting for coils and gadolinium dose.
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