Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home

User menu

  • Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
American Journal of Neuroradiology
American Journal of Neuroradiology

American Journal of Neuroradiology

ASHNR American Society of Functional Neuroradiology ASHNR American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology ASSR
  • Alerts
  • Log in

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home
  • Follow AJNR on Twitter
  • Visit AJNR on Facebook
  • Follow AJNR on Instagram
  • Join AJNR on LinkedIn
  • RSS Feeds

AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticleSpine Imaging and Spine Image-Guided Interventions

Injectable Corticosteroid Preparations: An Embolic Risk Assessment by Static and Dynamic Microscopic Analysis

P.J. MacMahon, M.J. Shelly, D. Scholz, S.J. Eustace and E.C. Kavanagh
American Journal of Neuroradiology November 2011, 32 (10) 1830-1835; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2656
P.J. MacMahon
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M.J. Shelly
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
D. Scholz
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
S.J. Eustace
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
E.C. Kavanagh
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. MacMahon PJ,
    2. Eustace SJ,
    3. Kavanagh EC
    . Injectable corticosteroid and local anesthetic preparations: a review for radiologists. Radiology 2009;252:647–61
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. 2.↵
    1. Rathmell JP,
    2. Aprill C,
    3. Bogduk N
    . Cervical transforaminal injection of steroids. Anesthesiology 2004;100:1595–600
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. Rosenkranz M,
    2. Grzyska U,
    3. Niesen W,
    4. et al
    . Anterior spinal artery syndrome following periradicular cervical nerve root therapy. J Neurol 2004;251:229–31
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. 4.↵
    1. Brouwers PJ,
    2. Kottink EJ,
    3. Simon MA,
    4. et al
    . A cervical anterior spinal artery syndrome after diagnostic blockade of the right C6-nerve root. Pain 2001;91:397–99
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. 5.↵
    1. Ruppen W,
    2. Hugli R,
    3. Reuss S,
    4. et al
    . Neurological symptoms after cervical transforaminal injection with steroids in a patient with hypoplasia of the vertebral artery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008;52:165–66
    PubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Muro K,
    2. O'Shaughnessy B,
    3. Ganju A
    . Infarction of the cervical spinal cord following multilevel transforaminal epidural steroid injection: case report and review of the literature. J Spinal Cord Med 2007;30:385–88
    PubMedWeb of Science
  7. 7.↵
    1. Suresh S,
    2. Berman J,
    3. Connell DA
    . Cerebellar and brainstem infarction as a complication of CT-guided transforaminal cervical nerve root block. Skeletal Radiol 2007;36:449–52
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Baker R,
    2. Dreyfuss P,
    3. Mercer S,
    4. et al
    . Cervical transforaminal injection of corticosteroids into a radicular artery: a possible mechanism for spinal cord injury. Pain 2003;103:211–15
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. 9.↵
    1. McMillan MR,
    2. Crumpton C
    . Cortical blindness and neurologic injury complicating cervical transforaminal injection for cervical radiculopathy. Anesthesiology 2003;99:509–11
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  10. 10.↵
    1. Dawley JD,
    2. Moeller-Bertram T,
    3. Wallace MS,
    4. et al
    . Intra-arterial injection in the rat brain: evaluation of steroids used for transforaminal epidurals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:1638–43
    CrossRef
  11. 11.↵
    1. Macky TA,
    2. Helmy D,
    3. El Shazly N
    . Retinal toxicity of triamcinolone's vehicle (benzyl alcohol): an electrophysiologic and electron microscopic study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:817–24
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. 12.↵
    1. Hahn AF,
    2. Feasby TE,
    3. Gilbert JJ
    . Paraparesis following intrathecal chemotherapy. Neurology 1983;33:1032–38
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.↵
    1. Hetherington NJ,
    2. Dooley MJ
    . Potential for patient harm from intrathecal administration of preserved solutions. Med J Aust 2000;173:141–43
    PubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.↵
    1. Rasul Z,
    2. Sell P
    . Lumbar nerve root pain: what works and what doesn't? Int Musculoskeletal Med 2009;31:166–71
    CrossRef
  15. 15.↵
    1. Gesler RM,
    2. Garvin PJ,
    3. Klamer B,
    4. et al
    . The biologic effects of polystyrene latex particles administered intravenously to rats–a collaborative study. Bull Parenter Drug Assoc 1973;27:101–13
    PubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Dent PB,
    2. Walker N
    . Intra-articular corticosteroids in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1998;10:475–80
    CrossRefPubMed
  17. 17.↵
    1. Cole BJ,
    2. Schumacher HR Jr.
    . Injectable corticosteroids in modern practice. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005;13:37–46
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. Tiso RL,
    2. Cutler T,
    3. Catania JA,
    4. et al
    . Adverse central nervous system sequelae after selective transforaminal block: the role of corticosteroids. Spine J 2004;4:468–74
    CrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Derby R,
    2. Lee SH,
    3. Date ES,
    4. et al
    . Size and aggregation of corticosteroids used for epidural injections. Pain Med 2008;9:227–34
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. 20.↵
    1. Benzon HT
    . Epidural steroid injections for low back pain and lumbosacral radiculopathy. Pain 1986;24:277–95
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. 21.↵
    1. Grover PK,
    2. Moritz RL,
    3. Simpson RJ,
    4. et al
    . Inhibition of growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro–a comparison of four human proteins. Eur J Biochem 1998;253:637–44
    PubMedWeb of Science
  22. 22.↵
    1. Sliwa JA,
    2. Maclean IC
    . Ischemic myelopathy: a review of spinal vasculature and related clinical syndromes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:365–72
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    1. Okubadejo GO,
    2. Talcott MR,
    3. Schmidt RE,
    4. et al
    . Perils of intravascular methylprednisolone injection into the vertebral artery. An animal study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:1932–38
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Younis HS,
    2. Shawer M,
    3. Palacio K,
    4. et al
    . An assessment of the ocular safety of inactive excipients following sub-tenon injection in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008;24:206–16
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Chang YS,
    2. Wu CL,
    3. Tseng SH,
    4. et al
    . In vitro benzyl alcohol cytotoxicity: implications for intravitreal use of triamcinolone acetonide. Exp Eye Res 2008;86:942–50
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  26. 26.↵
    1. Toyooka K,
    2. Fujimura H
    . Iatrogenic neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 2009;22:475–79
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Manchikanti L
    . Role of neuraxial steroids in interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2002;5:182–99
    PubMed
  28. 28.↵
    1. Craig DB,
    2. Habib GG
    . Flaccid paraparesis following obstetrical epidural anesthesia: possible role of benzyl alcohol. Anesth Analg 1977;56:219–21
    PubMedWeb of Science
  29. 29.↵
    1. Ray CE
    . Pain Management in Interventional Radiology. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2008
  30. 30.↵
    1. Spaccarelli KC
    . Lumbar and caudal epidural corticosteroid injections. Mayo Clinic Proc 1996;71:169–78
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.↵
    1. Yin W,
    2. Bogduk N
    . Retrograde filling of a thoracic spinal artery during transforaminal injection. Pain Med 2009;10:689–92
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Verrills P,
    2. Nowesenitz G,
    3. Barnard A
    . Penetration of a cervical radicular artery during a transforaminal epidural injection. Pain Med 11:229–31
  33. 33.↵
    1. Huntoon MA
    . Anatomy of the cervical intervertebral foramina: vulnerable arteries and ischemic neurologic injuries after transforaminal epidural injections. Pain 2005;117:104–11
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. 34.↵
    1. Houten JK,
    2. Errico TJ
    . Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases. Spine J 2002;2:70–75
    PubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Kennedy DJ,
    2. Dreyfuss P,
    3. Aprill CN,
    4. et al
    . Paraplegia following image-guided transforaminal lumbar spine epidural steroid injection: two case reports. Pain Med 2009;10:1389–94
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. 36.↵
    1. Thefenne L,
    2. Dubecq C,
    3. Zing E,
    4. et al
    . A rare case of paraplegia complicating a lumbar epidural infiltration. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2010;53:575–83
    PubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Lenoir T,
    2. Deloin X,
    3. Dauzac C,
    4. et al
    . Paraplegia after interlaminar epidural steroid injection: a case report. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2008;94:697–701
    PubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

American Journal of Neuroradiology: 32 (10)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 32, Issue 10
1 Nov 2011
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Advertisement
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Injectable Corticosteroid Preparations: An Embolic Risk Assessment by Static and Dynamic Microscopic Analysis
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Cite this article
P.J. MacMahon, M.J. Shelly, D. Scholz, S.J. Eustace, E.C. Kavanagh
Injectable Corticosteroid Preparations: An Embolic Risk Assessment by Static and Dynamic Microscopic Analysis
American Journal of Neuroradiology Nov 2011, 32 (10) 1830-1835; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A2656

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
0 Responses
Respond to this article
Share
Bookmark this article
Injectable Corticosteroid Preparations: An Embolic Risk Assessment by Static and Dynamic Microscopic Analysis
P.J. MacMahon, M.J. Shelly, D. Scholz, S.J. Eustace, E.C. Kavanagh
American Journal of Neuroradiology Nov 2011, 32 (10) 1830-1835; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A2656
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Purchase

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Abbreviations
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusions
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Crossref
  • Google Scholar

This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.

More in this TOC Section

  • Optimization of Photon Counting CT Myelography
  • Characteristics of SIH Type I Culprit Lesions
  • Management Outcomes For VO Spine Biopsy
Show more Spine Imaging and Spine Image-Guided Interventions

Similar Articles

Advertisement

Indexed Content

  • Current Issue
  • Accepted Manuscripts
  • Article Preview
  • Past Issues
  • Editorials
  • Editor's Choice
  • Fellows' Journal Club
  • Letters to the Editor
  • Video Articles

Cases

  • Case Collection
  • Archive - Case of the Week
  • Archive - Case of the Month
  • Archive - Classic Case

More from AJNR

  • Trainee Corner
  • Imaging Protocols
  • MRI Safety Corner
  • Book Reviews

Multimedia

  • AJNR Podcasts
  • AJNR Scantastics

Resources

  • Turnaround Time
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Submit a Video Article
  • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
  • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
  • Statistical Tips
  • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
  • Graphical Abstract Preparation
  • Imaging Protocol Submission
  • Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide
  • Publishing Checklists
  • Author Policies
  • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
  • News and Updates

About Us

  • About AJNR
  • Editorial Board
  • Editorial Board Alumni
  • Alerts
  • Permissions
  • Not an AJNR Subscriber? Join Now
  • Advertise with Us
  • Librarian Resources
  • Feedback
  • Terms and Conditions
  • AJNR Editorial Board Alumni

American Society of Neuroradiology

  • Not an ASNR Member? Join Now

© 2025 by the American Society of Neuroradiology All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X

Powered by HighWire