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AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticleARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Assessing the Emergence and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Research in Neuroradiology

Alexandre Boutet, Samuel S. Haile, Andrew Z. Yang, Hyo Jin Son, Mikail Malik, Vivek Pai, Mehran Nasralla, Jurgen Germann, Artur Vetkas, Farzad Khalvati and Birgit B. Ertl-Wagner
American Journal of Neuroradiology June 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8252
Alexandre Boutet
aFrom the Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B., M.N.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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  • ORCID record for Alexandre Boutet
Samuel S. Haile
bTemerty Faculty of Medicine (S.S.H., H.J.S., M.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Andrew Z. Yang
cDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery (A.Z.Y., J.G., A.V.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hyo Jin Son
bTemerty Faculty of Medicine (S.S.H., H.J.S., M.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mikail Malik
bTemerty Faculty of Medicine (S.S.H., H.J.S., M.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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  • ORCID record for Mikail Malik
Vivek Pai
dDivision of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (V.P., B.B.E.-W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
eDepartment of Medical Imaging (V.P., F.K., B.B.E.-W.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mehran Nasralla
aFrom the Joint Department of Medical Imaging (A.B., M.N.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jurgen Germann
cDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery (A.Z.Y., J.G., A.V.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Artur Vetkas
cDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery (A.Z.Y., J.G., A.V.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Farzad Khalvati
eDepartment of Medical Imaging (V.P., F.K., B.B.E.-W.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
fNeurosciences and Mental Health Program (F.K., B.B.E.-W.), SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
gDepartment of Computer Science (F.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
hDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (F.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Birgit B. Ertl-Wagner
dDivision of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (V.P., B.B.E.-W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
eDepartment of Medical Imaging (V.P., F.K., B.B.E.-W.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
fNeurosciences and Mental Health Program (F.K., B.B.E.-W.), SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • FIG 1.
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    FIG 1.

    Flow chart of the article screening process.

  • FIG 2.
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    FIG 2.

    Global results (type 1, 2, and 3). Data characterizing the growth of all AI/ML articles (ie, type 1, 2, and 3). A, The number of all articles published from the first year an AI/ML article was published in the AJNR in 2000 to the article search date on December 3, 2023. *Striped bar in 2023 indicates the extrapolated number of articles published in that year should the search have occurred at the end of the year. B, Pie chart breaking down the share each article type holds among all AI/ML publications. C, Percentile bar graph demonstrating article type share in the last 5 years.

  • FIG 3.
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    FIG 3.

    Qualitative type 2 results. General overview of type 2 publication characteristics (n=90). A, A world map showing where studies were conducted. B, Bar graph demonstrating the number of type 2 articles published in years with at least one article published. *Striped bar in 2023 indicates the extrapolated number of articles published in that year should the search have occurred at the end of the year. C, Graphic display of the patient populations and topics studied. VAS = vascular; DEG = degenerative; H/N = head & neck; INF = inflammation.

  • FIG 4.
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    FIG 4.

    Evaluative type 2 results. Methodologic characteristics of type 2 publications (n = 90). Pie charts demonstrating the percentage of type 2 articles that were (A) single- versus multicentered, (B) prospective versus retrospective, (C) externally validated or internally validated their models, and (D) utilized deep learning to train their models or only conventional learning techniques.

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Cite this article
Alexandre Boutet, Samuel S. Haile, Andrew Z. Yang, Hyo Jin Son, Mikail Malik, Vivek Pai, Mehran Nasralla, Jurgen Germann, Artur Vetkas, Farzad Khalvati, Birgit B. Ertl-Wagner
Assessing the Emergence and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Research in Neuroradiology
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jun 2024, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8252

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Assessing the Emergence and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Research in Neuroradiology
Alexandre Boutet, Samuel S. Haile, Andrew Z. Yang, Hyo Jin Son, Mikail Malik, Vivek Pai, Mehran Nasralla, Jurgen Germann, Artur Vetkas, Farzad Khalvati, Birgit B. Ertl-Wagner
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jun 2024, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8252
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