Imaging Findings in Giant Cell Arteritis: Don’t Turn a Blind Eye to the Obvious!

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Klink T,
   2. Geiger J,
   3. Both M, et al

   . Giant cell arteritis: diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging of superficial cranial arteries in initial diagnosis—results from a multicenter trial. Radiology 2014;273:844–52 doi:10.1148/radiol.14140056 pmid:25102371

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Jennette JC,
   2. Falk RJ,
   3. Bacon PA, et al

   . 2012 revised international Chapel Hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:1–11 doi:10.1002/art.37715 pmid:23045170

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Prieto-Peña D,
   2. Castaneda S,
   3. Martinez-Rodriguez I, et al

   . Imaging tests in the early diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. J Clin Med 2021;10:3704 doi:10.3390/jcm10163704

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Younger DS

   . Giant cell arteritis. Neurol Clin 2019;37:335–44 doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2019.01.008 pmid:30952412

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Zhang KJ,
   2. Li MX,
   3. Zhang P, et al

   . Validity of high resolution magnetic resonance imaging in detecting giant cell arteritis: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiology 2022;32:3541–52 doi:10.1007/s00330-021-08413-8 pmid:35015125

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. Veldhoen S,
   2. Klink T,
   3. Geiger J, et al

   . MRI displays involvement of the temporalis muscle and the deep temporal artery in patients with giant cell arteritis. Eur Radiology 2014;24:2971–79 doi:10.1007/s00330-014-3255-1 pmid:24895039

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Pugh D,
   2. Karabayas M,
   3. Basu N, et al

   . Large-vessel vasculitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022;7:93 doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00327-5 pmid:34992251

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Ameer MA,
   2. Vaqar S,
   3. Khazaeni B

   . Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; May 2, 2024
9. 9.↵
   1. Carmona FD,
   2. Vaglio A,
   3. Mackie SL

   ; Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies risk alleles in plasminogen and P4HA2 associated with giant cell arteritis. Am J Hum Genet 2017;100:64–74 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.11.013 pmid:28041642

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Jese R,
    2. Rotar Z,
    3. Tomsic M, et al

    . The role of colour Doppler ultrasonography of facial and occipital arteries in patients with giant cell arteritis: a prospective study. Eur J Radiology 2017;95:9–12 doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.07.007 pmid:28987704

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Muratore F,
    2. Kermani TA,
    3. Crowson CS, et al

    . Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: a cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015;54:463–70 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keu329 pmid:25193809

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Ponte C,
    2. Grayson PC,
    3. Robson JC

    ; DCVAS Study Group, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022;74:1881–89 doi:10.1002/art.42325 pmid:36350123

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Guggenberger KV,
    2. Vogt ML,
    3. Song JW, et al

    . High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging visualizes intracranial large artery involvement in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024:keae010 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae010

    CrossRef
14. 14.↵
    1. Dejaco C,
    2. Ramiro S,
    3. Bond M, et al

    . EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2023;83:741–51 doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224543 pmid:37550004

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. Bosch P,
    2. Bond M,
    3. Dejaco C, et al

    . Imaging in diagnosis, monitoring and outcome prediction of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the 2023 update of the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open 2023;9: e003379 doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003379

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
16. 16.↵
    1. Yip A,
    2. Jernberg ET,
    3. Bardi M, et al

    . Magnetic resonance imaging compared to ultrasonography in giant cell arteritis: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther 2020;22:247 doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02335-4 pmid:33076985

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Poillon G,
    2. Collin A,
    3. Benhamou Y, et al

    . Increased diagnostic accuracy of giant cell arteritis using three-dimensional fat-saturated contrast-enhanced vessel-wall magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Eur Radiology 2020;30:1866–75 doi:10.1007/s00330-019-06536-7 pmid:31811430

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Siemonsen S,
    2. Brekenfeld C,
    3. Holst B, et al

    . 3T MRI reveals extra- and intracranial involvement in giant cell arteritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015;36:91–97 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4086 pmid:25169925

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    1. Seitz L,
    2. Bucher S,
    3. Butikofer L, et al

    . Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis—a comparison with T1-weighted black-blood imaging. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023:63(5):1403–10
20. 20.↵
    1. Rheaume M,
    2. Rebello R,
    3. Pagnoux C, et al

    . High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of scalp arteries for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: results of a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017;69:161–68 doi:10.1002/art.39824 pmid:27483045

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    1. Donaldson L,
    2. Nanji K,
    3. Rebello R, et al

    . Involvement of the intracranial circulation in giant cell arteritis. Can J Ophthalmol 2020;55:391–400 doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.04.002 pmid:32416931

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Conway R,
    2. Smyth AE,
    3. Kavanagh RG, et al

    . Diagnostic utility of computed tomographic angiography in giant-cell arteritis. Stroke 2018;49:2233–36 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.021995 pmid:30354972

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Nielsen BD,
    2. Hansen IT,
    3. Kramer S, et al

    . Simple dichotomous assessment of cranial artery inflammation by conventional 18F-FDG PET/CT shows high accuracy for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a case-control study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019;46:184–93 doi:10.1007/s00259-018-4106-0 pmid:30066157

    CrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Koster MJ,
    2. Matteson EL,
    3. Warrington KJ

    . Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: diagnosis, monitoring and management. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018;57:ii32–42 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex424 pmid:29982778

    CrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. Kermani TA,
    2. Diab S,
    3. Sreih AG

    ; Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium, et al. Arterial lesions in giant cell arteritis: a longitudinal study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019;48:707–13 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.05.002 pmid:29880442

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    1. Espitia O,
    2. Blonz G,
    3. Urbanski G

    ; French Study Group for Large Vessel Vasculitis (GEFA), et al. Symptomatic aortitis at giant cell arteritis diagnosis: a prognostic factor of aortic event. Arthritis Res Ther 2021;23:14 doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02396-5 pmid:33413605

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    1. Quinn KA,
    2. Ahlman MA,
    3. Malayeri AA, et al

    . Comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in large-vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018;77:1165–71 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213102 pmid:29666047

    CrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Guggenberger KV,
    2. Vogt ML,
    3. Song JW, et al

    . Intraorbital findings in giant cell arteritis on black blood MRI. Eur Radiology 2023;33:2529–35 doi:10.1007/s00330-022-09256-7 pmid:36394601

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Gospe SM 3rd.,
    2. Amrhein TJ,
    3. Malinzak MD, et al

    . Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities of the optic nerve sheath and intracranial internal carotid artery in giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 2021;41:54–59 doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000860 pmid:31609845

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Sommer NN,
    2. Treitl KM,
    3. Coppenrath E, et al

    . Three-dimensional high-resolution black-blood magnetic resonance imaging for detection of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in patients with giant cell arteritis. Invest Radiology 2018;53:698–704 doi:10.1097/RLI.0000000000000500 pmid:30095558

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Mohammed-Brahim N,
    2. Clavel G,
    3. Charbonneau F, et al

    . Three Tesla 3D high-resolution vessel wall MRI of the orbit may differentiate arteritic from nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Invest Radiology 2019;54:712–18 doi:10.1097/RLI.0000000000000595 pmid:31335635

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Remond P,
    2. Attye A,
    3. Lecler A, et al

    . The central bright spot sign: a potential new MR imaging sign for the early diagnosis of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy due to giant cell arteritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:1411–15 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5205 pmid:28495949

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
33. 33.↵
    1. Therkildsen P,
    2. de Thurah A,
    3. Hansen IT, et al

    . Giant cell arteritis: a nationwide, population-based cohort study on incidence, diagnostic imaging, and glucocorticoid treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021;51:360–66 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.01.007 pmid:33601192

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Reichenbach S,
    2. Adler S,
    3. Bonel H, et al

    . Magnetic resonance angiography in giant cell arteritis: results of a randomized controlled trial of tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018;57:982–86 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key015 pmid:29529280

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    1. Seitz L,
    2. Christ L,
    3. Lotscher F, et al

    . Quantitative ultrasound to monitor the vascular response to tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021;60:5052–59 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab484 pmid:34117737

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Moreel L,
    2. Betrains A,
    3. Doumen M, et al

    . Diagnostic yield of combined cranial and large vessel PET/CT, ultrasound and MRI in giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2023;22:103355 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103355 pmid:37146926

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    1. Ing EB,
    2. Miller NR,
    3. Nguyen A, et al

    . Neural network and logistic regression diagnostic prediction models for giant cell arteritis: development and validation. Clin Ophthalmol 2019;13:421–30 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S193460 pmid:30863010

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    1. Roncato C,
    2. Perez L,
    3. Brochet-Guegan A, et al

    . Colour Doppler ultrasound of temporal arteries for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a multicentre deep learning study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2020;38 Suppl 124:120–25 pmid:32441644

    PubMed