Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
Standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) patient flow diagram.
- FIG 2.
Examples of degenerative findings falsely flagged by Aidoc. Each panel shows the sagittal noncontrast cervical spine CT (left) and the Aidoc key image indicating the flagged pathology in red (right). A, A chronic ossicle falsely flagged by Aidoc. B, False-positive findings triggered by facet degeneration. C, Ossification of the ligamentum flavum incorrectly identified as a fracture by Aidoc.
- FIG 3.
Examples of nondegenerative findings falsely flagged by Aidoc. Sagittal noncontrast cervical spine CT (left) and the Aidoc key image indicating the flagged pathology in red (right). A, Rib fracture outside of the cervical spine incorrectly flagged by Aidoc. B, Congenital hypoplasia of the posterior arch of the atlas flagged as a fracture. C, A nonpathologic nutrient foramen with degenerative changes identified as a fracture by Aidoc.
Tables
Factor Aidoc Incorrect (No.) % P Value Total (No.) (%) 1904, 100 161 100 Indication (No.) (%) .97 Trauma 1796, 94 155 96 Critical 511, 27 45 28 Minor 888, 47 74 46 Not specified 397, 21 36 22 Neck pain 27, 1 1 1 Neurologic deficit 33, 2 2 1 Postoperative 10, 1 1 1 Other 38, 2 2 1 Sex (No.) (%) .08 Male 958, 50 92 57 Female 946, 50 69 43 Imaging location (No.) (%) .86 Academic center 1659. 87 141 88 Outreach center 245, 13 20 12 History of cervical spine surgery (No.) (%) .57 Prior surgery 67, 4 7 4 No prior surgery 1837, 96 154 96 Age (mean) (yr) .03 Overall 60 (SD, 22) Aidoc incorrect 64 (SD, 21) Aidoc correct 60 (SD, 22) False-Positive Etiology Count Percentage of All Flagged Studies (n = 173) Degeneration 55 31.8 Degenerative ossicle 18 10.4 Facet degeneration 14 8.1 Calcified ligament 6 3.5 Cortical irregularity 7 4.0 Osteopenia 4 2.3 Cystic degeneration 4 2.3 Atlantodental joint 1 0.6 Osteophyte 1 0.6 Noncervical pathology 15 8.7 Rib fracture 8 4.6 Degeneration, thoracic 4 2.3 Skull fracture 2 1.2 Carotid calcification 1 0.6 Anatomic variant 10 5.8 Nonunion vertebrae 4 2.3 Transitional anatomy 2 1.2 Limbus 2 1.2 Bifid spinous process 1 0.6 Secondary transverse foramen 1 0.6 Nutrient foramen 9 5.2 Artifact 7 4.0 Unknown 8 4.6 Other 2 1.7 DISH 1 0.6 Occipital suture 1 0.6 Total 106 61.3 Note:—DISH indicates diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.
