Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home

User menu

  • Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
American Journal of Neuroradiology
American Journal of Neuroradiology

American Journal of Neuroradiology

ASHNR American Society of Functional Neuroradiology ASHNR American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology ASSR
  • Alerts
  • Log in

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home
  • Follow AJNR on Twitter
  • Visit AJNR on Facebook
  • Follow AJNR on Instagram
  • Join AJNR on LinkedIn
  • RSS Feeds

AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticlePediatric Neuroimaging
Open Access

Changes of Neurotransmitters in Youth with Internet and Smartphone Addiction: A Comparison with Healthy Controls and Changes after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

H.S. Seo, E.-K. Jeong, S. Choi, Y. Kwon, H.-J. Park and I. Kim
American Journal of Neuroradiology July 2020, 41 (7) 1293-1301; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6632
H.S. Seo
aFrom the Department of Radiology (H.S.S.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for H.S. Seo
E.-K. Jeong
bUtah Center for Advanced Imaging Research (E.-K.J.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for E.-K. Jeong
S. Choi
cDepartment of Psychology (S.C., Y.K.), Duksung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for S. Choi
Y. Kwon
cDepartment of Psychology (S.C., Y.K.), Duksung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Y. Kwon
H.-J. Park
dDepartment of Nuclear Medicine (H.-J.P.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for H.-J. Park
I. Kim
eSiemens Healthcare (I.K.), Seoul, Korea.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for I. Kim
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Weinstein A,
    2. Lejoyeux M
    . Internet addiction or excessive internet use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010;36:277–83 doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491880 pmid:20545603
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. 2.↵
    1. Jorgenson AG,
    2. Hsiao RC,
    3. Yen CF
    . Internet addiction and other behavioral addictions. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2016;25:509–20 doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.004 pmid:27338971
    CrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association; 2013
  4. 4.↵
    1. Jasinska AJ,
    2. Stein EA,
    3. Kaiser J, et al
    . Factors modulating neural reactivity to drug cues in addiction: a survey of human neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014;38:1–16 doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.013 pmid:24211373
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Hayes DJ,
    2. Jupp B,
    3. Sawiak SJ, et al
    . Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid: a neglected role in impulsivity. Eur J Neurosci 2014;39:1921–32 doi:10.1111/ejn.12485 pmid:24460847
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Kim SH,
    2. Baik SH,
    3. Park CS, et al
    . Reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptors in people with Internet addiction. Neuroreport 2011;22:407–11 doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328346e16e pmid:21499141
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. 7.↵
    1. Hou H,
    2. Jia S,
    3. Hu S, et al
    . Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in people with internet addiction disorder. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:854524 doi:10.1155/2012/854524 pmid:22505818
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Littel M,
    2. van den Berg I,
    3. Luijten M, et al
    . Error processing and response inhibition in excessive computer game players: an event-related potential study. Addict Biol 2012;17:934–47 doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00467.x pmid:22734609
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Kalivas PW,
    2. Volkow ND
    . The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1403–13 doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403 pmid:16055761
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  10. 10.↵
    1. Lin F,
    2. Zhou Y,
    3. Du Y, et al
    . Abnormal white matter integrity in adolescents with internet addiction disorder: a tract-based spatial statistics study. PLoS One 2012;7:e30253 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030253 pmid:22253926
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Stan AD,
    2. Schirda CV,
    3. Bertocci MA, et al
    . Glutamate and GABA contributions to medial prefrontal cortical activity to emotion: implications for mood disorders. Psychiatry Res 2014;223:253–60 doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.05.016 pmid:24973815
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. 12.↵
    1. Graham BM,
    2. Milad MR
    . The study of fear extinction: implications for anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1255–65 doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11040557 pmid:21865528
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    1. Gallinat J,
    2. Kunz D,
    3. Lang UE, et al
    . Association between cerebral glutamate and human behaviour: the sensation seeking personality trait. Neuroimage 2007;34:671–78 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.004 pmid:17123835
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.↵
    1. Hoerst M,
    2. Weber-Fahr W,
    3. Tunc-Skarka N, et al
    . Correlation of glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex with self-reported impulsivity in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:946–54 doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.93 pmid:20603446
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. 15.↵
    1. Kim HJ,
    2. Kim JE,
    3. Cho G, et al
    . Associations between anterior cingulate cortex glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations and the harm avoidance temperament. Neurosci Lett 2009;464:103–07 doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.087 pmid:19660524
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Mansvelder HD,
    2. Keath JR,
    3. McGehee DS
    . Synaptic mechanisms underlie nicotine-induced excitability of brain reward areas. Neuron 2002;33:905–19 doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00625-6 pmid:11906697
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. 17.↵
    1. Mescher M,
    2. Merkle H,
    3. Kirsch J, et al
    . Simultaneous in vivo spectral editing and water suppression. NMR Biomed 1998;11:266–72 doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199810)11:6<266::AID-NBM530>3.0.CO;2-J pmid:9802468
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. 18.↵
    1. Fujihara K,
    2. Narita K,
    3. Suzuki Y, et al
    . Relationship of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate+glutamine concentrations in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex with performance of Cambridge Gambling Task. Neuroimage 2015;109:102–08 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.014 pmid:25583607
    CrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Beard KW,
    2. Wolf EM
    . Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001;4:377–83 doi:10.1089/109493101300210286 pmid:11710263
    CrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Kwon M,
    2. Kim DJ,
    3. Cho H, et al
    . The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One 2013;8:e83558 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083558 pmid:24391787
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Lee HC,
    2. Ahn CI
    . Study on the development and effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for internet addiction. Korean Journal of Psychology 2002;12:463–86
  22. 22.↵
    1. Choi SW,
    2. Kim DJ,
    3. Choi JS, et al
    . Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. J Behav Addict 2015;4:308–14 doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.043 pmid:26690626
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. Lin YH,
    2. Chiang CL,
    3. Lin PH, et al
    . Proposed diagnostic criteria for smartphone addiction. PLoS One 2016;11:e0163010 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163010 pmid:27846211
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Owens DF,
    2. Kriegstein AR
    . Is there more to GABA than synaptic inhibition? Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3:715–27 doi:10.1038/nrn919 pmid:12209120
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. 25.↵
    1. Ganji SK,
    2. An Z,
    3. Banerjee A, et al
    . Measurement of regional variation of GABA in the human brain by optimized point-resolved spectroscopy at 7 T in vivo. NMR Biomed 2014;27:1167–75 doi:10.1002/nbm.3170 pmid:25088346
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. 26.↵
    1. Danbolt NC
    . Glutamate uptake. Prog Neurobiol 2001;65:1–105 doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00067-8 pmid:11369436
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  27. 27.↵
    1. Gardner EL
    . Addiction and brain reward and antireward pathways. Adv Psychosom Med 2011;30:22–60 doi:10.1159/000324065 pmid:21508625
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. 28.↵
    1. Mick I,
    2. Ramos AC,
    3. Myers J, et al
    . Evidence for GABA-A receptor dysregulation in gambling disorder: correlation with impulsivity. Addict Biol 2017;22:1601–09 doi:10.1111/adb.12457 pmid:27739164
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Schur RR,
    2. Draisma LW,
    3. Wijnen JP, et al
    . Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of (1) H-MRS studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2016;37:3337–52 doi:10.1002/hbm.23244 pmid:27145016
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Edden RA,
    2. Crocetti D,
    3. Zhu H, et al
    . Reduced GABA concentration in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012;69:750–53 doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2280 pmid:22752239
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.↵
    1. Ende G,
    2. Cackowski S,
    3. Van Eijk J, et al
    . Impulsivity and aggression in female BPD and ADHD patients: association with ACC glutamate and GABA concentrations. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016;41:410–18 doi:10.1038/npp.2015.153 pmid:26040503
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Goddard AW,
    2. Mason GF,
    3. Almai A, et al
    . Reductions in occipital cortex GABA levels in panic disorder detected with 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:556–61 doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.556 pmid:11386984
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  33. 33.↵
    1. Long Z,
    2. Medlock C,
    3. Dzemidzic M, et al
    . Decreased GABA levels in anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex in panic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013;44:131–35 doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.01.020 pmid:23391588
    CrossRefPubMed
  34. 34.↵
    1. Stephens DN,
    2. King SL,
    3. Lambert JJ, et al
    . GABAA receptor subtype involvement in addictive behaviour. Genes Brain Behav 2017;16:149–84 doi:10.1111/gbb.12321 pmid:27539865
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Bush G,
    2. Luu P,
    3. Posner MI
    . Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci 2000;4:215–22 doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2 pmid:10827444
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. 36.↵
    1. Baskin-Sommers AR,
    2. Foti D
    . Abnormal reward functioning across substance use disorders and major depressive disorder: considering reward as a transdiagnostic mechanism. Int J Psychophysiol 2015;98:227–39 doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.011 pmid:25655926
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Hadland KA,
    2. Rushworth MF,
    3. Gaffan D, et al
    . The effect of cingulate lesions on social behaviour and emotion. Neuropsychologia 2003;41:919–31 doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00325-1 pmid:12667528
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  38. 38.↵
    1. Carli V,
    2. Durkee T,
    3. Wasserman D, et al
    . The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review. Psychopathology 2013;46:1–13 doi:10.1159/000337971 pmid:22854219
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Hermans L,
    2. Levin O,
    3. Maes C, et al
    . GABA levels and measures of intracortical and interhemispheric excitability in healthy young and older adults: an MRS-TMS study. Neurobiol Aging 2018;65:168–77 doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.023 pmid:29494863
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Pandya M,
    2. Palpagama TH,
    3. Turner C, et al
    . Sex- and age-related changes in GABA signaling components in the human cortex. Biol Sex Differ 2019;10:5 doi:10.1186/s13293-018-0214-6 pmid:30642393
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. De Bondt T,
    2. De Belder F,
    3. Vanhevel F, et al
    . Prefrontal GABA concentration changes in women-Influence of menstrual cycle phase, hormonal contraceptive use, and correlation with premenstrual symptoms. Brain Res 2015;1597:129–38 doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.051 pmid:25481417
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵
    1. Edden RA,
    2. Barker PB
    . Spatial effects in the detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid: improved sensitivity at high fields using inner volume saturation. Magn Reson Med 2007;58:1276–82 doi:10.1002/mrm.21383 pmid:17969062
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. 43.↵
    1. Bauer J,
    2. Pedersen A,
    3. Scherbaum N, et al
    . Craving in alcohol-dependent patients after detoxification is related to glutamatergic dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens and the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;38:1401–08 doi:10.1038/npp.2013.45 pmid:23403696
    CrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

American Journal of Neuroradiology: 41 (7)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 41, Issue 7
1 Jul 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
  • Complete Issue (PDF)
Advertisement
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Changes of Neurotransmitters in Youth with Internet and Smartphone Addiction: A Comparison with Healthy Controls and Changes after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Cite this article
H.S. Seo, E.-K. Jeong, S. Choi, Y. Kwon, H.-J. Park, I. Kim
Changes of Neurotransmitters in Youth with Internet and Smartphone Addiction: A Comparison with Healthy Controls and Changes after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jul 2020, 41 (7) 1293-1301; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A6632

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
0 Responses
Respond to this article
Share
Bookmark this article
Changes of Neurotransmitters in Youth with Internet and Smartphone Addiction: A Comparison with Healthy Controls and Changes after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
H.S. Seo, E.-K. Jeong, S. Choi, Y. Kwon, H.-J. Park, I. Kim
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jul 2020, 41 (7) 1293-1301; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A6632
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Purchase

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • ABBREVIATIONS:
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Crossref
  • Google Scholar

This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.

More in this TOC Section

Pediatric Neuroimaging

  • Frontal Paraventricular Cysts
  • Sodium MRI in Pediatric Brain Tumors
  • FRACTURE MR in Congenital Vertebral Anomalies
Show more Pediatric Neuroimaging

Functional

  • Kurtosis and Epileptogenic Tubers: A Pilot Study
  • Glutaric Aciduria Type 1: DK vs. Conventional MRI
  • Multiparametric MRI in PEDS Pontine Glioma
Show more Functional

Similar Articles

Advertisement

Indexed Content

  • Current Issue
  • Accepted Manuscripts
  • Article Preview
  • Past Issues
  • Editorials
  • Editor's Choice
  • Fellows' Journal Club
  • Letters to the Editor
  • Video Articles

Cases

  • Case Collection
  • Archive - Case of the Week
  • Archive - Case of the Month
  • Archive - Classic Case

More from AJNR

  • Trainee Corner
  • Imaging Protocols
  • MRI Safety Corner
  • Book Reviews

Multimedia

  • AJNR Podcasts
  • AJNR Scantastics

Resources

  • Turnaround Time
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Submit a Video Article
  • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
  • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
  • Statistical Tips
  • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
  • Graphical Abstract Preparation
  • Imaging Protocol Submission
  • Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide
  • Publishing Checklists
  • Author Policies
  • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
  • News and Updates

About Us

  • About AJNR
  • Editorial Board
  • Editorial Board Alumni
  • Alerts
  • Permissions
  • Not an AJNR Subscriber? Join Now
  • Advertise with Us
  • Librarian Resources
  • Feedback
  • Terms and Conditions
  • AJNR Editorial Board Alumni

American Society of Neuroradiology

  • Not an ASNR Member? Join Now

© 2025 by the American Society of Neuroradiology All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X

Powered by HighWire