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Notable changes made since the prior requirements were last revised in 2007 primarily affect the number of required procedures, the academic support defined for the program director, and modifications to the curriculum. The new requirements allow fellows to fulfill the foundational expectations for the neuroradiology fellowship and encourage programs to maintain some flexibility to teach individual specialty areas of clinical excellence.

The authors tested the hypothesis that recently introduced 4D dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution has equivalent accuracy to 4D-CT for preoperative gland localization in primary hyperparathyroidism. Fifty-four patients met the inclusion criteria: 37 had single-gland disease, and 17, multigland disease—9 with double-gland hyperplasia; 3 with 3-gland hyperplasia, and 5 with 4-gland hyperplasia. For single-gland disease, the gland was correctly located in 92% of patients, with correct identification of the side in 100% and the quadrant in 92%. For multigland disease, the glands were correctly located in 74% of patients, with correct identification of the side in 74% and the quadrant in 77%. The high spatial and temporal resolution 4D dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging provides excellent diagnostic performance for preoperative localization in primary hyperparathyroidism.