Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Unfolded view of the cerebellar cortex showing the lobes, lobules (by name on the right and number on the left), and main fissures (blue font). The hemispheric lobules are designated with the prefix H followed by the Roman numeral indicating their corresponding vermian lobules. Adapted from Haines DE. Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013 with permission of Elsevier.30
- Fig 2.
The cerebrocerebellum is the phylogenetically newest and largest portion of the cerebellum. It primarily receives input indirectly from many cerebral cortical areas. The spinocerebellum occupies the median and paramedian zone of the cerebellum and receives input directly from the spinal cord. The vestibulocerebellum is the phylogenetically oldest part of the cerebellum, and it receives input from the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. Adapted with permission from Purves et al.11
- Fig 3.
Unfolded view of the cerebellum illustrating sensorimotor-to-cognitive functions distributed in a gradient-like fashion from medial to lateral. The sensorimotor functions are distributed more toward the midline, while the cognitive functions are located more laterally in the cerebellar hemispheres. The same medial-to-lateral organization is seen in the corresponding cerebellar nuclei. Adapted with permission from Fatemi et al.12
- Fig 4.
Unfolded view of the cerebellum demonstrating associative learning with emotional tasks located in the medial zone (yellow). Motor tasks locate to the intermediate zone (orange), and cognitive tasks occupy most of the cerebellar hemisphere in the lateral zone (beige). Adapted from Timmann D, Drepper J, Frings M, et al. The human cerebellum contributes to motor, emotional and cognitive associative learning: a review. Cortex 2010;46:845–57 with permission of Elsevier.16
- Fig 5.
Unfolded view of the cerebellum showing the asymmetric distribution of some cerebellar functions. The right cerebellar hemisphere is associated with language, and the left cerebellar hemisphere, with visuospatial functions. Executive functions, including verbal working memory, are related to both hemispheres. Attention is also a neocerebellar function. The vermis or “limbic cerebellum” is involved in modulating affective behavior. Adapted from Konczak J, Timmann D. The effect of damage to the cerebellum on sensorimotor and cognitive function in children and adolescents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007;31:1101–13 with permission of Elsevier.17
- Fig 6.
A, Schematic demonstration of the cerebral and cerebellar functional locations of the foot (green), hand (red), and face (blue) in the monkey. B, Cerebellar locations of the foot (green), hand (red), and tongue (blue) in humans measured by fMRI. “fcMRI” refers to results based on functional connectivity studies. “Task” refers to results from task-based fMRI studies. C, Cerebellar locations of foot (F, green), hand (H, red), and tongue (T, blue) representations in humans from fcMRI studies displayed on a parasagittal image. Note the mirror image representation of the somatomotor functions with the primary or dominant location in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Adapted from Buckner RL. The cerebellum and cognitive function: 25 years of insight from anatomy and neuroimaging. Neuron 2013;80:807–15 with permission of Elsevier.31
- Fig 7.
Topographic map of various cerebellar functions displayed on a parasagittal view of the left cerebellar hemisphere. The primary cerebellar distribution of cerebral functions is an orderly map of the somatomotor functions of the foot, hand, and tongue (blue) in the anterior lobe followed by a hierarchy of association cortices labeled 1–4 (magenta, green, orange, red) on the superior surface of the cerebellum. An inverted secondary representation in reverse order is seen on the inferior cerebellar surface. A small tertiary representative map is hypothesized to be present in the posterior lobe as well. Adapted from Buckner RL. The cerebellum and cognitive function: 25 years of insight from anatomy and neuroimaging. Neuron 2013;80:807–15 with permission of Elsevier.31
- Fig 8.
The 3 images on the left represent multiple coronal sections of the cerebellum with colors representing different cortical functions. The right-sided image is the cerebrum with the colors representing the different functional areas. The somatomotor cortex is blue. This cortex is represented at the more medial aspect of the cerebellum. Most of the human cerebellum, however, is linked to cerebral association networks, including executive networks (orange) and the default network (red). These association networks have multiple cerebellar representations. Adapted from Buckner RL. The cerebellum and cognitive function: 25 years of insight from anatomy and neuroimaging. Neuron 2013;80:807–15 with permission of Elsevier.31
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