Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on Brain Structure and Cognitive Function: African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND

Article Figures & Data

Table 1:

Demographic and laboratory results in African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND participants (N = 263)

Variable	Mean	SD
Age (yr)	60.4	9.6
Duration of diabetes (yr)	14.3	8.9
Age of diabetes diagnosis (yr)	46.0	11.0
Body mass index (kg/m²)	34.1	7.9
Glucose (mg/dL)	147.5	60.3
HbA1c (%)	8.2	2.1
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	109.1	37.7
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	47.2	11.9
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	115.7	72.3
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	131.2	18.6
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	75.4	10.8
Thyroid stimulating hormone (μIU/mL)	2.0	1.6
Vitamin B₁₂ (pg/mL)	690.0	417.3

Table 2:

Group characteristics in African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND (N = 263)

Variable	No. (% of Total Cohort)
Female	165 (62.7%)
Hypertension	87 (33.1%)
Insulin use	108 (41.1%)
Lipid medication	93 (54.7%)
Smoking
Never	117 (44.7%)
Former	91 (34.7%)
Current	54 (20.6%)
Education
Less than a high school diploma	27 (10.3%)
High school diploma	76 (28.9%)
Some college or a college diploma	115 (43.7%)
Graduate education	45 (17.1%)

Table 3:

MRI and cognitive function measures in African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND

Variable	Mean	SD	No.
MRI results
GM volume, unadjusted (mL)	732.2	57.7	263
GM/ICV (%)^{^a}	43.3	2.8	263
WM volume, unadjusted (mL)	629.6	46.7	263
WM/ICV (%)^{^a}	37.3	2.3	263
WM lesion volume (mL)	7.9	14.7	263
Cognitive function measures
3MSE (score, 0–100)	84.6	9.0	256
MoCA (score, 0–30)	19.9	3.9	261
RAVLT (score, 0–75)	38.0	9.0	263
DSC (score, 0–133)	48.1	15.9	262
VFA	15.7	4.6	262
Stroop errors	3.4	6.3	258
Stroop interference (seconds; trial 3 to trial 2)	31.6	16.1	256
CESD	8.0	5.3	262
BSI-Anxiety	4.9	4.5	262

Note:—ICV indicates intracranial volume; 3 MSE, modified MMSE; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CESD, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; BSI-Anxiety, Brief Symptom Inventory.
↵a Whole-brain measures adjusted for total ICV.