Identification of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis Based on White Matter Imaging and Bayesian Data Mining

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   2. Ferenci P,
   3. Lockwood A,
   4. Mullen K, et al

   . Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification—final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002;35:716–21

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   2. Stewart CA,
   3. Malinchoc M,
   4. Kim WR, et al

   . Hepatic encephalopathy as a predictor of survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl 2007;13:1366–71

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   2. Bajaj JS,
   3. Wade JB,
   4. Sanyal AJ

   . Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2009;50:2014–21

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   2. Groeneweg M,
   3. Quero JC,
   4. De Bruijn I, et al

   . Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy impairs daily functioning. Hepatology 1998;28:45–49

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   2. Romero-Gómez M,
   3. Boza F,
   4. Garcia-Valdecasas MS, et al

   . Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2718–23

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   2. Prasad S,
   3. Dhiman RK,
   4. Duseja A, et al

   . Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007;45:549–59

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   2. Córdoba J,
   3. Alonso J,
   4. Rovira A, et al

   . The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001;35:598–604

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   2. Chavarria L,
   3. Alonso J,
   4. Garcia-Martinez R, et al

   . Biexponential analysis of diffusion-tensor imaging of the brain in patients with cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1510–17

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   2. Kale RA,
   3. Gupta RK,
   4. Saraswat VA, et al

   . Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2006;43:698–706

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. 10.↵
    2. Lodi R,
    3. Tonon C,
    4. Stracciari A, et al

    . Diffusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics. Neurology 2004;62:762–66

    CrossRef
11. 11.↵
    2. Shah NJ,
    3. Neeb H,
    4. Kircheis G, et al

    . Quantitative cerebral water content mapping in hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroimage 2008;41:706–17

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Chen HJ,
    3. Wang Y,
    4. Zhu XQ, et al

    . White matter abnormalities correlate with neurocognitive performance in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. J Neurol Sci 2012;321:65–72

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Guevara M,
    3. Baccaro ME,
    4. Gomez-Anson B, et al

    . Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging reveals marked abnormalities of brain tissue density in patients with cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2011;55:564–73

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Qi R,
    3. Zhang LJ,
    4. Zhong J, et al

    . Grey and white matter abnormalities in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a study combining voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics. Eur Radiol 2013;23:3370–78

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    2. Kumar R,
    3. Gupta RK,
    4. Elderkin-Thompson V, et al

    . Voxel-based diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008;27:1061–68

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    2. Sugimoto R,
    3. Iwasa M,
    4. Maeda M, et al

    . Value of the apparent diffusion coefficient for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1413–20

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    2. Qi R,
    3. Xu Q,
    4. Zhang LJ, et al

    . Structural and functional abnormalities of default mode network in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a study combining DTI and fMRI. PLoS One 2012;7:e41376

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    2. Lin WC,
    3. Hsu TW,
    4. Chen CL, et al

    . Connectivity of default-mode network is associated with cerebral edema in hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One 2012;7:e36986

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    2. Bajaj JS,
    3. Saeian K,
    4. Verber MD, et al

    . Inhibitory control test is a simple method to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predict development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:754–60

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    2. Chen R,
    3. Herskovits EH

    . Graphical model based multivariate analysis (GAMMA): an open-source, cross-platform neuroimaging data analysis software package. Neuroinformatics 2012;10:119–27

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    2. Chen R,
    3. Herskovits EH

    . Graphical-model-based morphometric analysis. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2005;24:1237–48

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    2. Chen R,
    3. Pawlak MA,
    4. Flynn TB, et al

    . Brain morphometry and intelligence quotient measurements in children with sickle cell disease. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2009;30:509–17

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    2. Chen R,
    3. Herskovits EH

    . Graphical-model-based multivariate analysis of functional magnetic-resonance data. Neuroimage 2007;35:635–47

    CrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    2. Mueller SG,
    3. Young K,
    4. Hartig M, et al

    . A two-level multimodality imaging Bayesian network approach for classification of partial epilepsy: preliminary data. Neuroimage 2013;71:224–32

    CrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    2. Dhiman RK,
    3. Kurmi R,
    4. Thumburu KK, et al

    . Diagnosis and prognostic significance of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of liver. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:2381–90

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    2. Amodio P,
    3. Del Piccolo F,
    4. Marchetti P, et al

    . Clinical features and survival of cirrhotic patients with subclinical cognitive alterations detected by the number connection test and computerized psychometric tests. Hepatology 1999;29:1662–67

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    2. Bajaj JS,
    3. Hafeezullah M,
    4. Franco J, et al

    . Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1591–600.e1

    CrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    2. Romero-Gómez M,
    3. Grande L,
    4. Camacho I

    . Prognostic value of altered oral glutamine challenge in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2004;39:939–43

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    2. Bourgon R,
    3. Gentleman R,
    4. Huber W

    . Independent filtering increases detection power for high-throughput experiments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:9546–51

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    2. Mardini H,
    3. Smith FE,
    4. Record CO, et al

    . Magnetic resonance quantification of water and metabolites in the brain of cirrhotics following induced hyperammonaemia. J Hepatol 2011;54:1154–60

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    2. Restuccia T,
    3. Gomez-Anson B,
    4. Guevara M, et al

    . Effects of dilutional hyponatremia on brain organic osmolytes and water content in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;39:1613–22

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    2. Yu C,
    3. Sharma N,
    4. Saab S

    . Hyponatremia: clinical associations, prognosis, and treatment in cirrhosis. Exp Clin Transplant 2013;11:3–11

    PubMed
33. 33.↵
    2. Rodrigo R,
    3. Cauli O,
    4. Gomez-Pinedo U, et al

    . Hyperammonemia induces neuroinflammation that contributes to cognitive impairment in rats with hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2010;139:675–84

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    2. Zhornitsky S,
    3. Wee Yong V,
    4. Koch MW, et al

    . Quetiapine fumarate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: focus on myelin repair. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013;19:737–44

    PubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    2. Ishibashi T,
    3. Dakin KA,
    4. Stevens B, et al

    . Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses. Neuron 2006;49:823–32

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
36. 36.↵
    2. Cagnin A,
    3. Taylor-Robinson SD,
    4. Forton DM, et al

    . In vivo imaging of cerebral “peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites” in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 2006;55:547–53

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
37. 37.↵
    2. Donovan JP,
    3. Schafer DF,
    4. Shaw BW Jr., et al

    . Cerebral oedema and increased intracranial pressure in chronic liver disease. Lancet 1998;351:719–21

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    2. Joshi D,
    3. O'Grady J,
    4. Patel A, et al

    . Cerebral oedema is rare in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients presenting with high-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 2014;34:362–66

    CrossRef
39. 39.↵
    2. Chen HJ,
    3. Wang Y,
    4. Zhu XQ, et al

    . Classification of cirrhotic patients with or without minimal hepatic encephalopathy and healthy subjects using resting-state attention-related network analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e89684

    CrossRefPubMed