MRI Texture Analysis Reveals Bulbar Abnormalities in Friedreich Ataxia

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Fig 1.
Example of segmented ROIs in the center section of the MR imaging examination for a patient with FA. The region in red indicates the pons, and the region in green indicates the medulla oblongata.

GLCM texture parameters, which were significantly different between patients with FA and controls for at least 1 comparison between groups^{^a}

GLCM Distance (pixel)	Parameter	Group (Mean)				Comparison (P Value, Bonferroni-Corrected, t Test)
GLCM Distance (pixel)	Parameter	P1	P2	C1	C2	P1 × C1	P1 × C2	P2 × C1	P2 × C2
Medulla oblongata
1	Correlation	0.27 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.05	0.45 ± 0.09	0.41 ± 0.10	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}
1	Variance	11.84 ± 3.36	12.80 ± 4.14	17.71 ± 5.10	15.60 ± 4.83	.008^{^b}	.188	.413	1.00
1	Sum average	86.25 ± 3.45	86.18 ± 2.62	110.75 ± 5.83	103.48 ± 14.32	.000^{^b}	.002^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.002^{^b}
1	Sum variance	32.55 ± 9.52	34.61 ± 10.86	50.24 ± 16.52	43.56 ± 14.79	.014^{^b}	.103	.484	1.00
1	Entropy	1.46 ± 0.15	1.47 ± 0.07	2.00 ± 0.08	1.86 ± 0.23	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}
1	Sum entropy	0.98 ± 0.08	0.99 ± 0.04	1.36 ± 0.06	1.25 ± 0.17	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}
1	Difference entropy	0.71 ± 0.04	0.72 ± 0.04	0.93 ± 0.05	0.86 ± 0.11	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.002^{^b}
1	Homogeneity	0.21 ± 0.05	0.20 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.04	.004^{^b}	.165	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}
2	Correlation	0.05 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.06	0.18 ± 0.08	0.17 ± 0.10	.000^{^b}	.001^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.002^{^b}
3	Correlation	0.04 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.08	.002^{^b}	.004^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.000^{^b}
4	Correlation	−0.01 ± 0.04	−0.03 ± 0.05	0.08 ± 0.07	0.08 ± 0.08	.004^{^b}	.013^{^b}	.000^{^b}	.001^{^b}
5	Correlation	−0.02 ± 0.03	−0.03 ± 0.05	0.06 ± 0.07	0.05 ± 0.07	.006^{^b}	.055	.008^{^b}	.049^{^b}
Pons
1	Difference variance	7.27 ± 2.24	7.56 ± 1.89	5.58 ± 1.45	5.38 ± 1.11	.490	.142	.125	.034^{^b}