Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
FA image (A) reveals no abnormality in a patient with TBI. Tractography (B) can be used to delineate a region of interest for analysis. In this case, the forceps major (red) appears normal, but quantitative analysis of FA within this tract showed lower FA in the TBI group compared with controls. Whole-brain voxelwise analysis (C) reveals areas of low (blue) and high (red) FA. Low FA, consistent with TAI, is present within the forceps major at the splenium of the corpus callosum, as well as elsewhere.
- Fig 2.
The number of publications per year reporting DTI in TBI.
- Fig 3.
The number of articles that studied patients at each timeframe and level of injury severity. Articles were only included if there was sufficient information to determine both the severity and the chronicity of individual patient injuries. Articles may be included multiple times if they studied subjects with multiple severities and/or multiple chronicities. A fully referenced version of this figure is available in On-line Table I.
- Fig 4.
Thirteen studies used a longitudinal design. Numbers represent patients from all studies imaged at 2 time points. Nine studies assessed patients at both acute and subacute time points.3,29,39,47,54,56,67,83,85 One study assessed patients at both acute and chronic time points.102 Two studies assessed patients at both subacute and chronic time points.24,93 One study (n = 47) assessed patients twice during the subacute period and, therefore, was omitted from the figure.49
Tables
Locations Findings Corpus callosum, anterior/genu 22b/30 Corpus callosum, posterior/splenium 21b/32 Posterior limb of the internal capsule 11/22 Corpus callosum, body 10/18 Frontal lobe 7/10 Corona radiata 6b/10 Cingulum bundle 7/8 Centrum semiovale 6/11 Brain stem 5/8 Cerebral peduncle 5/7 ↵a Values indicate the number of articles reporting abnormally low FA. Denominators represent the number of studies that assessed FA at these locations, including those that did not find abnormal FA.
↵b Includes articles reporting abnormally high FA. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 2.
Locations Findings Corpus callosum, total 10b/11 Corpus callosum, anterior/genu 8/8 Corpus callosum, posterior/splenium 7/8 Cingulum bundle 6/10 Fornix 5/7 Corpus callosum, body 4/6 Fronto-occipital fasciculus 4/5 Inferior longitudinal fasciculus 4/5 Uncinate fasciculus 4/5 Hippocampus 3/3 ↵a Values indicate the number of articles reporting abnormally low FA. Denominators represent the number of studies that assessed FA at these locations, including those that did not find abnormal FA.
↵b Includes articles reporting abnormally high FA. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 3.
Locations Findings Superior longitudinal fasciculus 7/25 Corpus callosum, anterior/genu 7/25 Inferior longitudinal fasciculus 7/25 Posterior limb of the internal capsule 6/25 Fronto-occipital fasciculus 6/25 Cingulum bundle 5/25 Corona radiata 5/25 Corpus callosum, overall 5/25 Corpus callosum, body 5/25 Fornix 5/25 Frontal lobe 5/25 Temporal lobe 5/25 ↵a Values indicate the number of articles reporting low FA in these locations. Twenty-five articles used voxelwise analysis to assess FA throughout the entire brain. Because whole-brain analyses examine all brain regions, denominators are identical for all brain regions. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 4.
Locations Findings Corpus callosum, posterior/splenium 10b/20 Corpus callosum, anterior/genu 10/16 Frontal lobe 9/10 White matter 7/7 Thalamus 4/6 ↵a Values indicate the number of articles reporting abnormally low MD. Denominators represent the number of studies that assessed MD at these locations, including those that did not find abnormal MD.
↵b Includes articles reporting abnormally high MD. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 5.
Locations Findings Corpus callosum, anterior/genu 4/4 Fronto-occipital fasciculus 4/5 Inferior longitudinal fasciculus 4/5 Uncinate fasciculus 4/4 Cingulum bundle 3b/7 ↵a Values indicate the number of articles reporting abnormally low MD. Denominators represent the number of studies that assessed MD at these locations, including those that did not find abnormal MD.
↵b Includes articles reporting abnormally high MD. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 6.
Locations Findings Cingulum bundle 6/13 Corpus callosum, total 5/13 Superior longitudinal fasciculus 4/13 Posterior limb of the internal capsule 4/13 Fronto-occipital fasciculus 4/13 Frontal lobe 4/13 ↵a Values indicate the number of articles reporting abnormally increased MD in these locations. Thirteen articles used whole-brain analysis to assess MD throughout the entire brain. Because whole-brain analyses examine all brain regions, denominators are identical for all brain regions. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 7.
DTI Measure Correlation Attention Executive Function Memory Motor Psychomotor/Processing Speed Visuospatial IQ FA Positive correlation 11 9 14 4 5 4 2 Negative correlation 6 5 2 0 2 0 0 No correlation 2 6 6 1 1 0 6 MD Positive correlation 3 2 2 0 0 1 0 Negative correlation 4 6 7 0 1 3 0 No correlation 1 4 3 1 2 0 0 Note:—IQ indicates intelligence quotient.
↵a Total number of articles assessing relationships between DTI measures and cognitive outcomes. Cognitive-outcome measures have been categorized as 7 domains (top row). Articles are classified as reporting positive correlation, negative correlation, or no correlation. Positive correlation indicates a correlation coefficient greater than zero. Negative correlation indicates a correlation coefficient less than zero. No correlation includes articles that reported analyzing relationships between the DTI measures and cognitive outcomes within a domain but either reported finding no correlation (correlation coefficient equal to zero) or a correlation with a P value > .05. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 8.
DTI Measure Correlation Global Outcome Measures GCS Postconcussion Symptoms FA Positive correlation 11 5 3 Negative correlation 4 1 3 No correlation 3 8 6 MD Positive correlation 1 1 1 Negative correlation 5 4 2 No correlation 0 0 1 ↵a Total number of articles assessing relationships between DTI measures and global outcome measures (see “Functional Outcomes after TBI”), GCS, or postconcussive symptoms. Articles are classified as reporting positive correlation, negative correlation, or no correlation. Positive correlation indicates a correlation coefficient greater than zero. Negative correlation indicates a correlation coefficient less than zero. No correlation includes articles that reported analyzing relationships between the DTI measure and cognitive outcomes within a domain but either reported finding no correlation (correlation coefficient equal to zero) or a correlation with a P value >.05. A fully referenced version of this Table is available in On-line Table 9.
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- Article
- Abstract
- ABBREVIATIONS:
- Subjects with TBI
- Severity, Chronicity, and Study Design
- Data Acquisition Parameters
- Data Analysis Methods
- Specific Diffusion Measures Studied
- Brain Regions
- Functional Outcomes after TBI
- Assessment of Individual Patients with TBI
- Implications, Limitations, and Possibilities
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- REFERENCES
- Figures & Data
- Supplemental
- Info & Metrics
- Responses
- References
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