Dorsal Brain Stem Syndrome: MR Imaging Location of Brain Stem Tegmental Lesions in Neonates with Oral Motor Dysfunction

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Ment LR,
   2. Bada HS,
   3. Barnes P,
   4. et al

   . Practice parameter: neuroimaging of the neonate—report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2002;58:1726–38

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Counsell SJ,
   2. Tranter SL,
   3. Rutherford MA

   . Magnetic resonance imaging of brain injury in the high-risk term infant. Semin Perinatol 2010;34:67–78

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Jean A

   . Brain stem control of swallowing: neuronal network and cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2001;81:929–69

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
4. 4.↵
   1. Sarnat HB

   . Watershed infarcts in the fetal and neonatal brainstem: an aetiology of central hypoventilation, dysphagia, Möebius syndrome and micrognathia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2004;8:71–87

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Schneider H,
   2. Ballowitz L,
   3. Schachinger H,
   4. et al

   . Anoxic encephalopathy with predominant involvement of basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord in the perinatal period: report on seven newborns. Acta Neuropathol 1975;32:287–98

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 7.↵
   1. Leech RW,
   2. Alvord EC Jr.

   . Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the human neonatal period: the significance of brain stem involvement. Arch Neurol 1977;34:109–13

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   1. Natsume J,
   2. Watanabe K,
   3. Kuno K,
   4. et al

   . Clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuropathological features of an infant with brain damage of total asphyxia type (Myers). Pediatr Neurol 1995;13:61–64

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   1. Pindur J,
   2. Capin DM,
   3. Johnson MI,
   4. et al

   . Cystic brain stem necrosis in a premature infant after prolonged bradycardia. Acta Neuropathol 1992;83:667–69

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. Saito Y,
   2. Kawashima Y,
   3. Kondo A,
   4. et al

   . Dysphagia-gastroesophageal reflux complex: complications due to dysfunction of solitary tract nucleus-mediated vago-vagal reflex. Neuropediatrics 2006;37:115–20

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Friedman B,
    2. Frazier JB

    . Deep laryngeal penetration as a predictor of aspiration. Dysphagia 2000;15:153–58

    PubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    1. Barkovich AJ,
    2. Sargent SK

    . Profound asphyxia in the premature infant: imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1837–46

    Abstract
12. 12.↵
    1. Sugama S,
    2. Eto Y

    . Brainstem lesions in children with perinatal brain injury. Pediatr Neurol 2003;28:212–15

    PubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Cowan F,
    2. Rutherford M,
    3. Groenendaal F,
    4. et al

    . Origin and timing of brain lesions in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Lancet 2003;361:736–42

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. 14.↵
    1. Keeney SE,
    2. Adcock EW,
    3. McArdle CB

    . Prospective observations of 100 high-risk neonates by high-field (1.5 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. II. Lesions associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 1991;87:431–38

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. Steinlin M,
    2. Dirr R,
    3. Martin E,
    4. et al

    . MRI following severe perinatal asphyxia: preliminary experience. Pediatr Neurol 1991;7:164–70

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    1. Miller SP,
    2. Ramaswamy V,
    3. Michelson D,
    4. et al

    . Patterns of brain injury in term neonatal encephalopathy. J Pediatr 2005;146:453–60

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    1. Baenziger O,
    2. Martin E,
    3. Steinlin M,
    4. et al

    . Early pattern recognition in severe perinatal asphyxia: a prospective MRI study. Neuroradiology 1993;35:437–42

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    1. Miller AJ

    . Deglutition. Physiol Rev 1982;62:129–84

    FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    1. Smith LH,
    2. DeMyer WE

    . Anatomy of the brainstem. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2003;10:235–40

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Leong S,
    2. Ashwell KW

    . Is there a zone of vascular vulnerability in the fetal brain stem? Neurotoxicol Teratol 1997;19:265–75

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Saito Y

    . Reflections on the brainstem dysfunction in neurologically disabled children. Brain Dev 2009;31:529–36

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Myers RE

    . Two patterns of perinatal brain damage and their conditions of occurrence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;112:246–76

    PubMedWeb of Science