Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Sectioning of the ICA as used for sonographic examination, counting from the terminal to the proximal part to the intracranial ICA. Reprinted from Schünke et al17 with permission from Thieme Medical Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany. Note that this classification is different from the digital subtraction angiography classification, which names the cervical ICA, C1; the petrosal part, C2; and so on to the terminal ICA, C7 (Osborn18).
- Fig 3.
Assessment of the horizontal part of the C6 segment of the ICA, by using a transtemporal axial approach. Top: Time-of-flight MRA, axial source image, rotated 90° to correspond with the sonographic image. Horizontal part of the C6 segment (arrows). Bottom: TCCS, transtemporal approach, axial lower pontine plane. Right: Color-mode image demonstrates the horizontal part of the C6 segment. Left: Corresponding Doppler spectrum. Reprinted from Valdueza et al8 with permission from Thieme Medical Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Fig 4.
Assessment of the C5 segment of the ICA, by using a transtemporal coronal approach. Top: MR imaging, T1-weighted image, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image, coronal plane, image rotated 90° to correspond with the sonographic image. Vertical part of the C5 segment (arrows). Bottom: TCCS, transtemporal approach, coronal plane. Right: Color-mode image demonstrating the C5 segment. Left: Corresponding Doppler spectrum. Reprinted from Valdueza et al8 with permission from Thieme Medical Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Fig 5.
Assessment of the carotid siphon by using a transtemporal axial approach. Top: Time of flight MRA, axial source image, rotated 90° to correspond with the sonographic imaging plane, C3–4 segments (arrows). Bottom: TCCS, transtemporal approach, axial upper pontine plane. Right: Color-mode image demonstrating the C-shaped part of the carotid siphon. Left: Corresponding Doppler spectrum. Reprinted from Valdueza et al8 with permission from Thieme Medical Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Fig 6.
Assessment of the terminal (C1–2) segments of the ICA, by using a transtemporal coronal approach. Top left: MR imaging, T2-weighted image, coronal plane, rotated 90° counter-clockwise. Flow voids in the C5 ICA, C1–2 ICA, M1 MCA, and A1 ACA segments of both sides. Top right: TCCS, transtemporal approach, anterior coronal plane. Corresponding color-mode image demonstrates blood flow in the distal C1–2 ICA segment, partly in the carotid siphon, in the A1 ACA segment, and in the proximal M1 MCA segment bilaterally. Note the red and blue color codes, indicating flow directions toward and away from the transducer. Bottom: Corresponding color-mode and Doppler spectrum of the C1–2 ICA segment. Reprinted from Valdueza et al8 with permission from Thieme Medical Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
Tables
Flow velocities of the intracranial ICA segments in subjects without cerebrovascular disease using the transtemporal approach
ICA Segment Psyst (cm/s) E-D (cm/s) Mean (cm/s) PI* RI* Length (mm) Identified No. (%) C6 No AC 53 ± 14 (27–106) 25 ± 7 (13–48) 34.3 ± 8.8 (17.7–68.0) 0.83 ± 0.16 (0.49–1.32) 0.53 ± 0.07 (0.37–0.70) 15 ± 4 (5–26) 115 (96.7) AC (33 ± 10°) 66 ± 15 (34–113) 31 ± 8 (17–52) 42.5 ± 10.0 (26.0–72.3) 0.83 ± 0.17 (0.46–1.32) 0.53 ± 0.07 (0.35–0.70) 18 ± 2 (15–26) 58 (48.3) C3–4 No AC 57 ± 17 (31–105) 25 ± 8 (12–53) 36.1 ± 10.5 18.3–68.7) 0.89 ± 0.17 (0.56–1.44) 0.55 ± 0.06 (0.41–0.70) n.d. 120 (100) C1–2 No AC 77 ± 21 (33–140) 34 ± 10 (12–65) 48.7 ± 13.4 (19.0–90.0) 0.89 ± 0.16 (0.59–1.40) 0.55 ± 0.06 (0.42–0.72) 11 ± 2 (5–21) 120 (100) AC (37 ± 10°) 93 ± 18 (64–118) 43 ± 6 (34–49) 59.9 ± 9.8 (44.0–71.3) 0.82 ± 0.13 (0.62–1.0) 0.53 ± 0.05 (0.44–0.61) 16 ± 2 (15–21) 9 (7.5) -
Note:—Psyst indicates peak-systolic flow velocity; E-D, end-diastolic flow velocity; Mean, mean-flow velocity; ICA, internal carotid artery; PI, pulsatility index; RI, resistance index with standard deviation and range (in parentheses); ICA C6, distal petrosal part of the ICA; ICA C3–4, carotid siphon; ICA C1–2, distal part of the siphon and terminal segment of the ICA. AC, angle-corrected measurement, with the mean angle in parentheses; No AC, no angle correction; angle-corrected flow-velocity measurements were obtained if the vessel segment was visible for at least 15 mm; n.d., not done.
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* With standard deviation and range (in parentheses).
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