Caudate Nucleus Volumes in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Differential Atrophy in Subtypes

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Fig 1.
Views of the traced caudate nucleus and 3D reconstruction. Images from top left, clockwise: axial view, sagittal view, coronal view, and 3D reconstruction of the caudate.

Table 1:

Demographic features of patients and controls

	Control	FTD	SD	PNFA	AD
No.	27	12	13	9	19
Sex (M:F)	7:20	3:10	5:9	3:6	7:12
Age (yr)	61.1 (53–78)	59.45 (42–72)	63.77 (52–77)	64.9 (57–78)	61.8 (56–75)
MMSE	28.7 (25–30)	20.83 (10–30)^*	22.92 (5–29)^*	22.5 (15–28)^†	23.1 (7–29)^*
Disease duration (yr)	–	1.65 (0,25–3,4)	3.90 (1,3–7,7)^‡	3.56 (0,06–8,13)	2.87 (0–4,97)

Note:—FTD indicates frontotemporal dementia; SD, semantic dementia; PNFA, progressive nonfluent aphasia; AD, Alzheimer disease; MMSE, MIni-Mental State Examination.
*,†,‡ Kruskal-Wallis test.
* P < .01 compared with controls.
† P < .05 compared with controls.
‡ P < 01 compared with FTD.

Table 2:

Within-group comparisons of hemispheric caudate nucleus volume*

Groups	Caudate Volume				t-Value	df	Sig	Eta-Squared
Groups	R (SD)	R (SEM)	L (SD)	L (SEM)	t-Value	df	Sig	Eta-Squared
C (n = 27)	3.976 (0.435)	0.083	3.772 (0.426)	0.082	4.527	26	.000^†	.441
AD (n = 19)	3.674 (0.595)	0.137	3.551 (0.487)	0.112	1.219	18	.239
FTD (n = 12)	3.055 (0.811)	0.234	2.819 (0.524)	0.151	1.200	11	.255
SD (n = 13)	3.698 (0.565)	0.157	3.503 (0.598)	0.166	1.572	12	.142
PNFA (n = 9)	3.323 (0.601)	0.200	2.695 (0.539)	0.179	4.282	8	.003^†	.668

Note:—C indicates control; R, right; L, left; SD (header), standard deviation; df, degrees of freedom; Sig, significance (2-tailed); SD (column 1), semantic dementia; SEM, standard error of the mean; AD, Alzheimer disease; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; PNFA, progressive nonfluent aphasia; Eta-Squared, the sum of squares between groups divided by total sum of squares.
* All volumes are in cubic centimeters.
† Significant at P < .05.

Table 3:

Partial correlations between caudate volume and MMSE scores by subject group*

Volume	Control (n = 27)	AD (n = 19)	FTD (n = 12)	SD (n = 12)	PNFA (n = 6)	ALL (n = 76)
R Caudate
r	0.018	0.193	−0.574	−0.067	−0.904	0.163
Sig	0.930	0.457	0.083	0.855	0.096	0.165
L Caudate
r	0.251	0.136	0.062	0.412	0.319	0.393
Sig	0.227	0.602	0.865	0.236	0.861	0.001^†

Note:—ALL indicates across all groups: control, AD, FTD, SD, PNFA; R, right; L, left; r, partial correlation value; Sig, 2-tailed significance for partial correlation value; AD, Alzheimer disease; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; SD, semantic dementia; PNFA, progressive nonfluent aphasia.
* Partial correlation controlled for age and ICV.
† Partial correlations significant at P < .05.

Table 4:

AD comparison of MANCOVA results

Corr. Model	Group No.	Depend	df	F	Sig.	Partial Eta-Squared	Observed Power	Covariates
AD Comparison
Vs C	AD = 19, C = 27	R	3	2.824	.050	.168	0.637	Age: 61.38 yr, ICV: 1401.93
		L	3	3.893	.015	.218	0.789
Vs FTD	AD = 19, FTD = 12	R	3	2.104	.123	.189	0.478	Age: 60.86 yr, ICV: 1416.58
		L	3	5.516	.004	.380	0.903
Vs SD	AD = 19, SD = 13	R	3	1.588	.214	.145	0.371	Age: 62.57 yr, ICV: 1424.31
		L	3	1.173	.338	.112	0.280
Vs PNFA	AD = 19, PNFA = 9	R	3	1.109	.365	.122	0.261	Age: 62.77 yr, ICV: 1400.43
		L	3	7.246	.001	.475	0.980
FTLD Comparisons
FTD vs C	FTD = 12, C = 27	R	3	9.787	.000	.455	0.478	Age: 60.61 yr, ICV: 1402.59
		L	3	14.492	.000	.554	0.903
FTD vs SD	FTD = 12, SD = 13	R	3	2.301	.107	.247	0.499	Age: 61.70 yr, ICV: 1431.60
		L	3	3.146	.047	.310	0.644
FTD vs PNFA	FTD = 12, PNFA = 9	R	3	0.664	.586	.105	0.160	Age: 61.79 yr, ICV: 1401.14
		L	3	0.741	.542	.116	0.175
SD vs Control	FTD = 13, C = 27	R	3	3.436	.027	.223	0.724	Age: 61.98 yr, ICV: 1409.12
		L	3	2.834	.052	.191	0.631
SD vs PNFA	SD = 13, PNFA = 9	R	3	1.970	.155	.247	0.422	Age: 64.24 yr, ICV: 1413.09
		L	3	4.040	.023	.402	0.279
PNFA vs C	C = 27, PNFA = 9	R	3	9.479	.000	.471	0.993	Age: 62.07 yr, ICV: 1388.86
		L	3	18.153	.000	.630	1.000

Note:—Corr. Model indicates corrected model; Depend, dependent variable; df, degrees of freedom; F, F-statistic; Sig, significance; C, controls; R, right; L, left; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; SD, semantic dementia; PNFA, progressive nonfluent aphasia; ICV, total intracranial volume; Eta-Squared, the sum of squares between groups divided by total sum of squares.

Table 6:

Estimated marginal means (from MANCOVA, Table 5)

Dependent Variable: Caudate Volume	Group	Mean	Percentage Control	Std Error	95% Confidence Intervals
Dependent Variable: Caudate Volume	Group	Mean	Percentage Control	Std Error	Lower Bound	Upper Bound
Right (cm³)
	C	3.982	100	0.109	3.764	4.200
	AD	3.666	92	0.130	3.407	3.925
	SD	3.685	92	0.159	3.369	4.002
	PNFA	3.402	85	0.193	3.019	3.786
	FTD	3.007	76	0.166	2.677	3.338
Left (cm³)
	C	3.785	100	0.093	3.599	3.970
	AD	3.544	94	0.110	3.324	3.764
	SD	3.476	92	0.135	3.207	3.745
	PNFA	2.754	73	0.164	2.428	3.080
	FTD	2.788	74	0.141	2.507	3.069

Note:—Std Error indicates standard error of mean; Percentage Control, percentage of control volume; C, control; AD, Alzheimer disease; SD, semantic dementia; PNFA, progressive nonfluent aphasia; FTD, frontotemporal dementia.