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Clinical features common to PRES-related conditions
Feature Preeclampsia Allo-BMT SOT I/S/S Autoimmune Ds Chemo/Ca Immune system antigen challenge + + + + + + (Placenta) (BMT) (Transplant) (Bacteria) (Self?) (Tumor Ag) Microchimeric exchange + + + – + − T-cell activation + + + + + + Inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ + + + + + + Endothelial activation: p-selectin, e-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 + + + + ? ? Endothelin-1 up-regulation + + + + ? ? Endothelial injury: thrombocytopenia, schistocytes, LDH + + + + + ? Vascular instability: vasoconstriction, vasodilation + + + + ? ? Organ hypoperfusion + + + + ? ? MODS + + + + + ? VEGF elevation + ? ? ? ? ? Endothelial autoantibodies + + + – + − Note:—I/S/S indicates infection/sepsis/shock; += present; –, not present; ?, undetermined or not studied; Allo-BMT, allogeneic bone marrow transplant; SOT, solid organ transplant; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL-1, interleukin; IFN, interferin; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; LDH, L-lactate dehydrogenase; MODS, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Ds, disease; Chemo/Ca, post chemotherapy with cancer; Ag, unique tumor antigens.
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