Prediction of difficult round window visibility during cochlear implantation via a reformatted CT facial recess view: A retrospective study with surgical correlation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cochlear implant surgery is performed commonly through the facial recess via the round window (RW) approach. This study aims to evaluate the utility of reformatting the pre-operative CT temporal bone scan into a CT facial recess view in alerting surgeons to a potentially difficult surgery with poorly visualized round window.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 41 patients (43 ears), who had undergone cochlear implant surgery. Intraoperative findings of round window position relative to 2nd genu-mastoid portion of facial nerve, and round window membrane orientation were recorded by the surgeons. Pre-operative CTs were analyzed by two radiologists in axial and a reformatted facial recess plane that simulates the surgeon's view via the facial recess. Radiological assessment markers include the facial nerve-chorda tympani nerve width (FN-CTN) measured 1.2mm inferior to the exit point of the chorda tympani nerve into the tympanic cavity, round window position relative to 2^nd genu-mastoid segment of the facial nerve and RW membrane's angle from the vertical axis.

RESULTS: The best predictor for difficult round window intraoperative visibility is the RW position relative to the 2nd genu-mastoid segment of the facial nerve lying lateral to it on CT facial recess reformatted images. A RW that lies partially to completely posterior to the posterior border of the 2^nd genu-mastoid segment of the facial nerve had up to 55.6% risk of encountering difficult access, while those positioned anterior to or partially anterior to the anterior edge of the 2^nd genu-mastoid segment of the facial nerve had 0% risk of difficult access (p<0.05). There are substantial agreements in the intra-rater (Kappa=0.751, p<0.001) and inter-rater reliability (Kappa= 0.698, p<0.001). There is no significant association between surgical difficulty and facial nerve-chorda tympani distance or RW angle (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Identification of round window positions in the reformatted CT facial recess view is a useful tool in predicting potentially difficult round window access in cochlear implant surgery.

ABBREVIATIONS: RW= Round window, FN-CTN= facial nerve to chorda tympani nerve width