Table 1:

Characteristics of included studies

Authors	Study Design	SA Type	Patients (levels)	Preoperative Pain		Postoperative VAS^{^a}	Level of Evidence
Authors	Study Design	SA Type	Patients (levels)	Age of Fracture	VAS	Postoperative VAS^{^a}	Level of Evidence
Alvarez et al¹	Prospective, double cohort	VP	101 (152)	5 Months	8.9	4.0	2
		Conservative	27 (28)	5.8 Months	7.3	7.3
Chen et al¹⁹	Retrospective	VP	70 (87)	8 Months	80 (0–100)	38 (0–100)	4
Diamond et al²⁰	Prospective, non-randomized	VP	88 (133)	1–6 Weeks	20 (0–25)	8 (0–25)	2
		Conservative	38 (NA)	1–6 Weeks	20 (0–25)	19 (0–25)
Garfin et al²¹	Prospective single-arm interventional cohort	KP	155 (214)	128.5 Days	15 (0–20)	5 (0–20)	4
Kallmes et al²⁸	Randomized double-blinded controlled trial	Placebo	63 (93)	20 Weeks	7.2	3.9	1
		VP	68 (95)	16 Weeks	6.9	4.2
Kobayashi et al²⁹	Prospective	VP	175 (250)	19 Days	7.2	2.1	4
Lee et al³⁰	Retrospective	KP	105 (132)	4.5 Weeks	8.7	2.3	4
Liu et al³¹	Randomized clinical trial	KP	50 (50)	15.8 Days	8.0	2.6	2
		VP	50 (50)	17 Days	7.9	2.3
Prather et al³²	Prospective	VP	50 (103)	14 Months	7.8	3.1	4
Rapan et al³³	NA	VP	55 (85)	44 Days	8.36	2.23	4
Rhyne et al²⁵	Retrospective	KP	52 (82)	31 Weeks	9.16	2.9	4
Rolloinghoff et al³⁴	Prospective	KP	45 (53)	3 Weeks	8.6	3.4	2
		VP	45 (51)	3 Weeks	8.8	4.8
Rousing et al³⁵	Randomized clinical trial	Conservative	24 (32)	6.7 Days	8.8	NA	2
		VP	25 (31)	8.4 Days	7.5	2.0
Schofer et al³⁶	Prospective	KP	30 (30)	9.5 Days	8.2	3.2	2
		VP	30 (30)	10.5 Days	8.3	3.0
Vogl et al²⁶	Retrospective	VP	61 (NA)	19 Days	8.8	2.6	4
Voormolen et al⁹	Prospective	VP	112 (168)	4 Months	8.8	3.3	4
Wardlaw et al³¹	Randomized clinical trial	Conservative	151 (195)	6.4 Weeks	7.0	5.9	2
		KP	149 (214)	5.6 Weeks	6.9	3.6

↵a Visual Analog Scale.