Table 2:

Summary of reported cases of Moyamoya syndrome in association with Graves disease

Study	Age/Sex (y)	Race	Clinical Presentations	Cerebral Angiographic Findings	Outcome
Kushima et al³	26/F	Japanese	Thyrotoxicosis, recurrent hemiparesis, speech disturbance	Typical netlike vessels at the base of brain, occlusion of right ACA and MCA	Recovery
Kushima et al³	22/F	Japanese	Thyrotoxicosis, hemiparesis	Narrowing of bilateral ICA, netlike vessels at the base of brain	Recovery
Liu et al⁴	28/F	Chinese	Thyrotoxicosis, hemiparesis	Bilateral ACA and MCA occlusion with Moyamoya vessels, tubular stenosis of bilateral cervical ICA	Not described
Tendler et al⁵	37/F	Hispanic	Thyrotoxicosis, hemiparesis	Right distal ICA, proximal MCA, and ACA occlusion, collateral from PCA	Recovery
Tendler et al⁵	47/F	Caucasian	Moyamoya disease was diagnosed 10 years before thyrotoxicosis	Bilateral MCA occlusion, “puff of smoke” vessels on left basal ganglia	Recovery
Leno et al⁶	21/M	Hispanic	Down syndrome, hemiparesis, thyrotoxicosis	Marked stenoses of both supraclinoid ICA, decreased flow over MCA, occluded ACA, prominent lenticulostrates	Recovery
Kim et al⁷	37/F	Korean	Thyrotoxicosis, cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, seizure	Bilateral ICA and left MCA occlusion (by MR angiography)	Recovery
Nakamura et al ⁸	23/F	Japanese	Thyrotoxicosis, cardiomegaly, cerebral infarction	Multiple intracranial arterial stenoses, netlike collaterals around circle of Willis	Recovery after revasculization
Nakamura et al⁸	54/F	Japanese	Upper limits of normal range of thyroid function, hemiparesis	Multiple intracranial arterial stenosis around circle of Willis	Recovery after revasculization
Hsu et al (this study)	40/F	Caucasian	Thyrotoxicosis, rapid progressive bilateral cerebral infarction	Bilateral distal ICA and proximal MCA and ACA occlusion	Died

Note:—ACA indicates anterior cerebral artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; ICA, internal carotid artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery.