Patient demographics of CSF-vascular malformation fistulas
| Case | Age (yr) | Sex | CSF Leak Location | Vascular Malformation | Syndrome | Myelographic/Cisternographic Findings | SIH Bern Score and Other Findings | Treatment and Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | F | T11–T12 neural foramen | Venous | None | Delayed leakage from the thecal sac to the venous malformation | 6, Syrinx, large paraspinal venous malformation in right thoracolumbar spine | Fibrin glue patch with moderate relief and improved brain MRI findings |
| 2 | 40 | M | T1–T2 | Venous | None | Right T1–T2 CSF-venous fistula | 6, Syrinx, upper thoracic dorsal epidural venous malformation | Fibrin glue patch with cure |
| 3 | 33 | M | Temporal skull base | Venous | None | Leakage into left retromandibular venous malformation; left temporal dural ectasia | 4, Syrinx, extensive left temple, facial, neck venous malformation | Targeted sclerotherapy without substantial relief |
| 4 | 13 | F | Petrous apex | Lymphatic | Generalized lymphatic anomaly | Brisk leakage from the left petrous apex extending to neck musculature to the C3 level | 4, Syrinx, diffuse intraosseous lymphatic malformations in the skull base, spine, viscera, and right lower extremity | Surgery is planned |
| 5 | 9 | F | T10–T11 | Lymphatic | Kaposiform lymphangio-matosis | Brisk leakage from a right T10–T11 meningeal diverticulum to a paravertebral lymphatic malformation | 6, Syrinx, neck and visceral lymphatic malformations | Blood patches with transient relief; surgery with cure; improved brain MRI findings |
| 6 | 7 | F | L4–L5 | Lymphatic | Gorham-Stout disease | Brisk leakage into the right L4–L5 paraspinal soft tissues and bones | 6, Syrinx, extensive destructive intraosseous lymphatic malformations | Blood patches with transient relief; n-BCA liquid embolic patch with marked improvement; improved brain MRI findings |
Note:—F indicates female; M, male.